历年考研英语真题阅读.docx

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1、1986年全国硕士生入学统一考试英语试题Text 1There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, peo

2、ple who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people “generalists. And these “generalists“ are particularly needed for positions in adm

3、inistration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other peoples work, to begin it and judge it.The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a “trained man; and his educational backgro

4、und is properly technical or professional. The generalist - and especially the administrator - deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an “educated man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation. Very rarely is a specialist capable of

5、being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kin

6、ds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you - but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the f

7、irst job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.26. There is an increasing demand for.A all round people in their own fieldsB people whose job is to organize other peoples workC generalists whose educational back

8、ground is either technical or professionalD specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others27. The specialist is.A a man whose job is to train other peopleB a man who has been trained in more than one fieldsC a man who can see the forest rather than the treesD a man w

9、hose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters28. The administrator is.A a trained“ man who is more a specialist than a generalistB a man who sees the trees as well as the forestC a man who is very strong in the humanitiesD a man who is an educated“ specialist29. During your training

10、period, it is important.A to try to be a generalistB to choose a profitable jobC to find an organization which fits youDJ to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist30. A mans first job.A is never the right job for himB should not be regarded as his final jobC should not be chan

11、ged or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any jobD is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final jobText 2At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and, until recent times, unknown to man. It is a great land mass with mountain ranges

12、 whose extent and elevation are still uncertain. Much of the continent is a complete blank on our maps. Man has explored, on foot, less than one per cent of its area. Antarctica differs fundamentally from the Arctic regions. The Arctic is an ocean, covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by t

13、he land masses of Europe, Asia, and North America. The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world - the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.The continental ice sheet i

14、s more than two miles high in its centre, thus, the air over the Antarctic is far more refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions. This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts a

15、t the opposite end of the globe are inhabited. Thus, more than a million persons live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia a region rich in forest and mining industries. Apart from a handful of weather stations, within the same distan

16、ce of the South Pole there is not a single tree, industry, or settlement.31. The best title for this selection would be.A IcelandfB Land of OpportunityC The Unknown Continent D Utopia at Last32. At the time this article was written, our knowledge of Antarctica was.A very limitedB vastC fairly richD

17、nonexistent33. Antarctica is bordered by the.A Pacific OceanB Indian OceanC Atlantic OceanD All three34. The Antarctic is made uninhabitable primarily by.AJ cold airB calm seasC iceD lack of knowledge about the continent35. According to this article.A 2,000 people live on the Antarctic ContinentBJ a

18、 million people live within 2,000 miles of the South PoleC weather conditions within a 2,000 mile radius of the South Pole make settlements impracticalD only a handful of natives inhabit Antarctica1987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Text 1For centuries men dreamed of achieving vertical flight. In 400 A.D. Chinese

19、 children played with a fan-like toy that spun upwards and fell back to earth as rotation ceased. Leonardo da Vinci conceive the first mechanical apparatus, called a “Helix,“ which could carry man straight up, but was only a design and was never tested.The ancient-dream was finally realized in 1940

20、when a Russian engineer piloted a strange looking craft of steel tubing with a rotating fan on top. It rose awkwardly and vertically into the air from a standing start, hovered a few feet above the ground, went sideways and backwards, and then settled back to earth. The vehicle was called a helicopt

21、er.Imaginations were fired. Men dreamed of going to work in their own personal helicopters. People anticipate that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today. Such fantastic expectations were not fulfilled.The helicopter has now become an extremely use

22、ful machine. It excels in military missions, carrying troops, guns and strategic instruments where other aircraft cannot go. Corporations use them as airborne offices, many metropolitan areas use them in police work, construction and logging companies employ them in various advantageous ways, engine

23、ers use them for site selection and surveying, and oil companies use them as the best way to make offshore and remote work stations accessible to crews and supplies. Any urgent mission to a hard-to-get-to place is a likely task for a helicopter. Among their other multitude of used: deliver people ac

24、ross town, fly to and from airports, assist in rescue work, and aid in the search for missing or wanted persons.11. People expect that.A the airliners of today would eventually be replaced by helicoptersB helicopters would someday be able to transport large number of people from place to place as ai

25、rliners are now doingC the imaginations fired by the Russian engineers invention would become a reality in the futureDJ their fantastic expectations about helicopters could be fulfilled by airliners of today12. Helicopters work with the aid of.A a combination of rotating devices in front and on topB

26、 a rotating device topsideC one rotating fan in the center of the aircraft and others at each endD a rotating fan underneath for lifting13. What is said about the development of the helicopter?A Helicopters have only been worked on by man since 1940.B Chinese children were the first to achieve fligh

27、t in helicopters.C Helicopters were considered more dangerous than the early airplanes.D Some people thought they would become widely used by average individuals.14. How has the use of helicopters developed?A They have been widely used for various purposes.B They are taking the place of high-flying

28、jets.C They are used for rescue work.D They are now used exclusively for commercial projects.15. Under what conditions are helicopters found to be absolutely essential?A For overseas passenger transportation.B For extremely high altitude flights.C For high-speed transportation.D For urgent mission t

29、o places inaccessible to other kinds of craft.Text 2In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a na

30、tional event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 B.C. The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gather

31、ed from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events uncertain, but events included boys gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer

32、 sports involved than in the modem Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received

33、 no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modem standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A.D. They continued fbr such

34、 a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athle

35、tic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing courtiers pay their own athletes* expenses.The Olympics start with the arriva

36、l in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the suns rays. It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, howe

37、ver, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.16. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games.A were merely national athletic festivalsB were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colourC had rules which

38、put foreign participants in a disadvantageous positionD were primarily national events with few foreign participants17. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games.A only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the gamesB all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were all

39、owed to take partC all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in GamesD all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the Games18. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics.A has not definitely been establishedB varied according to the number of foreign competitorsC w

40、as decided by Zeus, in whose honor the Games were heldD was considered unimportant19. Modern athletes results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners becauseA the Greeks had no means of recording the resultsB they are much betterC details such as the time were not recorded in the pastD they

41、 are much worse20. Nowadays, the athletes? expenses are paid for.A out of the prize money of the winnersB out of the funds raised by the competing nationsC by the athletes themselvesD by contributionsText 3In science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization every step in search of

42、 reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modem scientist than to Thales who first looked into the nature of the electrification of amber, a hard yellowish-brown gum. Most

43、contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces 4treally are.”Electricity,“ Bertrand Russell says,“is not a thing, like St. Pauls Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under

44、what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.” Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality

45、 by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because thats where they belong, and smoke goes up because thats where it belongs. The goal

46、 of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modem science was bom when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.21. The aim of controlled scientific experiments is.AJ

47、 to explain why things happenB to explain how things happenC to describe self-evident principlesD to support Aristotelian science22. What principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?A the speculations of ThalesB the forces of electricity, magnetism, and gravityC Aristotles n

48、atural scienceD Galileos discoveries23. Bertrand Russells notion about electricity is.A disapproved of by most modem scientistsB in agreement with Aristotles theory of self-evident principlesC in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward tthow, things happenD in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why things happen24. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea.A