初高中英语衔接专题一：名词考点集汇讲解和训练.docx

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1、初高中英语衔接专题一：名词考点集汇，讲解和训练一、名词的数1 .单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-S”构成，其主要 变法如下：(1) 一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:bookbooks, girlgirls, boy-boys, pen-pens,doctordoctors, boyboys。(2)以 s, x, ch, sh,结尾的词加es,例如：bus-buses, class-classesboxboxes, watch-swatches, brushbrushes。(3)以 ce, se, ze, (d) ge 结尾的名词加 s,例如：orange

2、oranges(4)以辅音母加 y 结尾的词变“y”为i”再加-es,例如：citycities, factory factories, countrycountries, family familieso但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复 数形式只加 s,如：boy-boys, day dayso(5)以 o 结尾的词多数都力口es。例如:heheroes, potato-potatoes, tomatotomatoes, 但词末为两个元音字母的词只加例如：zoo-zoos, radioradios,还有某些外来 词也只加-s,例如：photcwphotos, piano-pianos

3、o(6)以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加es,例如：knife-knives, leal-leaves, half-halveso复数词尾s (或es)的读音方法如下表所示。复数词尾s (或es)的读音方法情况读法例词在等清辅音后Scups, hats, cakes在M出口旧等音后izglasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces在bdgv等浊辅音后zbeds, dogs, cities, knives(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：manmen, woman women, toothteeth, footfeet, childchild

4、ren, mousemice0【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是.men和-women。例如：an Englishman, two Englishmeno 但 German 不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans； man, woman 等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men workers, women teacherso有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish等。但当fish表 示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。(9

5、)数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如an 8-year-oId girl, a ten-mile walk。(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers, clothes, chopsticks, glasses, goods, ashes, scissors, compasseso(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths游戏名称：bowls专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls其他名词：news, falls2 .不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中，不可数名词

6、如果要表示“量的概念”;可以用以下两种方法：（1）用 much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any 等表示多少，例如：The rich man has a lot of money.There is some milk in the bottle.Is there any water in the glass?I donrt like winter because there*s too much snow and ice.（2）用a piece of这类定语，例如：a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of

7、 breada bottle of orange a glass of water （milk） a cup of teaa cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：two cups of teafour pieces of paperthree glasses of water不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。二、名词的所有格名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。1 .表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s,其

8、复数形式是S,例如：a students room, students* rooms, fathers shoeso2 .如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加，s,如：Childrens Day-3 .在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用:例如：a twenty minutes1 walk, ten miles* journey, a boat*s length, two pounds* weight, ten dollars* worth4 .无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，例如：a map of China, the end of this term, the ca

9、pital of our country, the color of the flowers05 .双重所有格，例如：a friend of my fathers。【注意】如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s,贝裳示“分别有，例如John、and Marys rooms（约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间）；Tomfs and Marys bikes （两人各自的自行车）。两个名词并列，只有一个s,则表示“共有，例如:John and Marys room （约翰和 玛丽共有一间）；Tom and Mary，s mother （即 Tom 与 Mary 是兄妹）。【演练】1 .一Where have you

10、 been, Tim?一Ive been to.A. the Henry house B. the Henry familyC. The Henrys home D. Henrys2. In England, if is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner3. You looked for it twice, but you havent found it. Why not try.A. three times B. a third

11、 time C. the third time D. once4. -They are thirsty. Will you please give them?- Certainly.A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters5. . Mike hurt one of his in the accident yesterday.A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear6. . There is some on the pl

12、ate.A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears7. . In England, the last name is the .A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name8. They are going to fly to Beijing.A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans9. The has two.A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch10. The little b

13、aby has two already.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths11. Whats your for being late again?A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news12. Ifs dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly.一But I think we should let go out first.A. woman and children B. women and childC. woman and child D. women and children13. -

14、 You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign on the door of his shop.-Thanks.A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURSC.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING14. Are they going to have a picnic on?A. Childrens Day B. Childrens，DayC. Childrens Day D. Children Day15. . Where are the students? Are they in?A. the Room 406 B. Room 40

15、6 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room【练习答案】1.D2,B3.B4.B5.B 6.B 7.A8.D9.C 10.C Il.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B专题二：形容词、副词考点集汇，讲解和训练1.形容词的用法（1）形容词在句中作定语，表语，宾语补足语。例如：Our country is a beautiful country. （作定语）The fish went bad.（作表语）We keep our classroom clean and tidy.（作宾语补足语）（2）形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everyt

16、hing等不定代词时，形容词放在名词后面。I have something important to tell you.Is there anything interesting in the film.（3）用and或or连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起 进一步解释的作用。Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.You can take any box away, big or small.（4） the+形容词表示一类人或物The rich should help t

17、he poor.2.副词的用法（1）副词在句中可作状语，表语和定语。He studies very hard.（作状语）Life here is full of joy.（作定语）When will you be back?（作表语）副词按其用途和含义前为下面五类：1）时间副词时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always 等。例 如： He often comes to school la

18、te.What are we going to do tomorrow?He is never been to Beijing.2）地点副词地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out 等。例如：I met an old friend of mine on my way home.He went upstairs.Put down yo

19、ur name here.3）方式副词 方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？ ”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个 形容词加词尾-ly构成的，有少数方式副词不带词尾ly,它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副 词有：anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide 等。例 如：The old man

20、walked home slowly.Please listen to the teacher carefully.The birds are flying high.He runs very fast.4)程度副词程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。 常见的程度副词有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly 等。例如：Her pronunciat

21、ion is very good.She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why 等。例如：How are you getting along with your studies?Where were you yesterday?Why did you do that?(2)副词在句中的位置1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。例如：Mr Smith works very hard.She speaks Engli

22、sh well.2)频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。例如：He usually gets up early.Ive never heard him singing.She is seldom ill.3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面，但enough作副词用时，通常放在被 修饰词的后面。例如：It is a rather difficult job.He runs very fast.He didnt work hard enough.4)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：On my way home, I met my uncl

23、e.The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.(3)部分常用副词的用法1) very, much这两个副词都可表示“很“，但用法不同。Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，而 much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：She is a very nice girlIm feeling much better now.Much可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如：I dont like the idea much.They did not talk much.2) too, either这两个副词都表示“也”

24、，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：She can dance, and I can dance, too.I havent read the book and my brother hasnt either.3) already, yetalready一般用于语肯定句，yet般用于否定句。例如：He has already left.Have you heard from him yet?He hasnt answered yet.4) so, neitherso和neither都可用于倒装句，但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。例如：My brother likes f

25、ootball and so do I.My brother doesnt like dancing and neither do I.3.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级(1)两个人或事物的比较时(不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物)，用比较级。Our teacher is taller than we are.The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.(2) most同形容词连用而不用the,表示“极，很,非常，十分”。Its most dangerous to be here.在这儿太危险。(3) “The+形容词

26、比较级,the+形容词比较级”表示“越就越”。The more you study, the more you know.(4) “形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级”，表示“越来越”。Its getting hotter and hotter.(5)主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。This box is as big as mine.(6) the +形容词，表示某种人。He always helps the poor.(7)形容词和副词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比较。Shanghai is one of the biggest cities

27、in China.【演练】1. There are many young trees on sides of the road.A. everyB. eachC. bothD. all2. - Ifs so cold today.- Yes, its than it was yesterday.A. more coldB. more colderC. much colderD. cold3. Little Tom has friends, so he often plays alone.A. moreB. a littleC. manyD. few4. She isnt so at maths

28、 as you are.A. wellB. goodC. betterD. best5 . Peter writes of the three.A. betterB. bestC. goodD. well6. He is enough to carry the heavy box.A. strongerB. much stronger C. strongD. the strongest7. I bought exercise-books with money.A. a few; a fewB. a few; a littleC. a little; a fewD. a little; a li

29、ttle8. The box is heavy for the girl carry.A. too; toB. to; tooC. so; thatD. no; to9. The ice in the lake is about one meter .Its strong enough to skate on.-6 -C. thickD. wideA. long B. high10. Wu Lin ran faster than the other boys in the sports meeting.A. soB. muchC. very D. too11. Jone looks so to

30、day because she has got an A in her maths test.A. happy B. happily C. angry D. angrily12. The smile on my fat her9 s fiice showed that he was with me.A. sad B. pleased C. angry D. sorry13. Mum, could you buy me a dress like this?-Certainly, we can buy one than this, but this.A. a better; better than

31、 B. a worse; as good asC. a cheaper; as good as D. a more important; good as14. -This digital camera is really cheap!The the better. Tm short of money, you see.A. cheap B. cheaper C. expensive D. more expensive15. If you want to learn English well, you must use it as as possible.A. often B. long C.

32、hard D. soon16. Paul has friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.A. many B. some C. few D. more17. English people use Mr. Before a mans first name.A. never B. usually C. often D. sometimes18. 一One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May.Right. The government spoke that.A. high

33、ly forB. high ofmistakes you will make.C. well ofD. highly of19. -Remember this, children.careful you are, We know, Miss Gao.A. The more; the moreC. The more; the fewerB. The fewer; the moreD. The less; the less20.1 haveto do today.A. anything importantC. important nothingB. something importantD. im

34、portant something【练习答案】l.C 2,C 3. D 4.B19. C 20. B5. B 6.C7. B8. A 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. D专题三：动词考点集汇，讲解和训练1 .动词的时态英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有8种，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、 一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。1） ） 一般现在时的基本用法1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every, sometimes, at*, on Su

35、nday1 leave home for school at 7 every morning.2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3）表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much.5）某些动词如 come,

36、 go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等，在一般现在 时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。The train comes at 3 oclock.6）在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。Ill help you as soon as you have problem.Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.2） ） 一般过去时的用法：表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作 时间状语的词，词组或从句，如 yesterd

37、ay, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文 清楚时可以不带时间状语。I worked in that factory last year.【注意】1）过去经常反复发生的动作，也可用used to或would加动词原形来表达，例如：I used to go fishing on Sundays.2） “usedto”也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态。例如： This river used to be clean.3） ） 一般将来时的用法1）表示将来的动作或状态。例如：I shall attend the meeting tomo

38、rrow.2）表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.3）表示将来的意愿，决心，许诺，命令等时常用win,征求对方意见，主语是第一人称 时,常用shall。I will do my best to catch up with them.Shall I open the door?4） be + going +动词不定式。也是一种将来时句型，表示打算，计划，最近 或将来要作的某事。I am going to Beijing next week.5） be+动词不定式。表示有职责，义务，可能，约定，意图等。

39、There is to be a meeting this afternoon.We are to meet the guests at the station.6） be about +动词不定式，表示马上，很快作某事。They are about to leave.（4）现在进行时的用法1）现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作，它注重 现在正在进行的动作，而不管动作从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束。What are you doing now?I am looking for my key.2）现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作（但说话时这个动作不一 定在进行）。T

40、he students are preparing for the examination.3）某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作，这些动词有arrive,come, leave, start 等。They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.【注意】有些动词一般不可以用于进行时态表示状态的动词，尤其是静态动词，如：be, have表示认识、知觉和情感的动词,如：know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer 等。（5）现在完成时的用法1）现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。I hav

41、e bought a ten-speed bicycle.They have cleaned the classroom.2）现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。 现在完成时常与for和since引导的短语或从句连用。We have lived here since 1976.They have waited for more than two hours.【注意】一般过去时与现在完成时的区别过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时 为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响；一般过去时常与具体的时间 状语连用。试

42、比较：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了，不涉及现在）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）（6）过去进行时的用法表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。例如：I was watching TV when she came to see me.【注意】过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情，但过去进行时侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或所处的状态，强调动作的连续进行，而一般过去时则表示单纯的过 去事实，例如：They were building a house last month.（上个月正在建造，建造好

43、与否不知）They built a new house last month.（上个月建造好了，动作已经完成）（7）过去完成时的用法过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态，过去完成时常 和by , before等词组成的短语和从句连用。We had already learned two thousand words by the end of last year.When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes.（8）过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将

44、要发生的动作或存在地状态，过去将来时较多地被 运用在宾语从句中。例如：They were going to have a meeting.I told him that I would see him off at the station.2 .动词的语态 语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。（1）被动语态1）被动语态最基本的句型结构是：be +及物动词过去分词2）被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out,

45、laugh at等，也可用于被动语态。The children were taken good care of by her.【注意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。3）主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况若宾语补足语是不带t。的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“t。”。此 类动词为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等o例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out

46、 of the classroom （by the teacher）.4）主动形式表示被动意义如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动 形式却表示被动的意义。例如：The food tastes good.3 .非谓语动词对非谓语动词的考点是：感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的 用法；一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to,但变为被动语态时就要带to；有 些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语，但表达的意思不同。这些都是历年中考的重 点。（1）非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动 词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。（2）不定式作宾语补足语Father will not allow us to play on the street.（3）不定式作目的状语He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.（4）用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词这样的动词有感官动词如：see