大学语法总论.docx

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1、The first generation of museums in the world is the museum of natural history, which introduces the evolution history of the earth and various kinds of living creatures through fossiIs and specimens. The second belongs to that of industrious technology, showing the phasic achievements as a result of

2、 industrial civilization. Although the two generations of museums play roles in spreading scientific knowledge, they regard viewers as only passive by-standers.The third generation of museums in the world is full of new concepts. Here, viewers can carry with their own hands and observe with their ow

3、n minds. Therefore, they can be closer to advanced scientific technology to probe its mystery.Chapter One Word nature and TenseIV Teachi ng_1 earni ng procedures1. word nature and sentence element （词性和句子成分）a） Sentence elements and their conceptsSubject （i） object （宾）predicate（谓）attribute （定） adverbi

4、al （状）complement （补语）predicative（表） appositive （同位语）b） names of the word nature and their grammatical functionsNoun: subject object predicative appositive attribute complement adverbial注：1、名词作定语时，一般多用单数，表示所修饰词的性质或用途。但有时，出于词本身用法的需要或该词本来就只有复数形式，作定语的名词就只用复数。Man woman这两个词作定语时根据所修饰名词的数变a woman worker thr

5、ee women workerssport作定语时多用复数 sports shoes运动鞋 sports ground操场但是sport （s） car赛车这个短语中sport单复数都可以。很多次本身就是复数形式，clothes shop服装店 sales assistant售货员sales manager销售经理arms production武器的生产 goods train货车2、名词构成的合成词作定语，名词只能用单数A five-year-old girl 一个五岁的女孩20-foot-long ships 50英尺上的轮船A six-met re-wide room 一个六米宽的房间3

6、.合成名词变复数时，如果合成词中有名词，复数加在名词上，没有名词，直接加在词尾Brothers-in-law grown-ups3.名词作状语时，仅限于表时间、距离、重量、程度等的词It weighs five tons.它重5吨。Wait a minute 等一分钟。Adjective: attribute predicative complement adverbial注：1、形容词作状语，其意义相当于一个从句或省掉being的现在分词短语作状语表示伴随。The old woman, hungry and thirsty, is sitting by the roadside 那位老妇人坐

7、在路边，乂饿乂渴。The children arrived home safe 孩子们平安到家。He stared at the footprint, full of fear 他盯着脚印，充满了恐惧。One woman was lying in bed, awake, listening to the rushing winds 一位妇女躺在床上，醒着，静听着那阵阵疾风。You must eat it when fresh 你必须趁新鲜吃。For a moment she just stood there, unable to believe what had just happened时间

8、，她只是站在那儿，不能相信刚刚发生的事。3 少数形容词可用于修饰另一个形容词，作程度状语Dark blue shoes深蓝色的鞋bright red cloth鲜红的布Light green dresses浅绿色的衣服10某些形容词前面加the。变成名词，表示一类人或物，作主语或宾语，做主语时，按复数对待。He has a keen sense of the new 他对新鲜事物有敏锐的感觉。The old are well taken good care of in our country老人在我国得到很好的照顾。4 .常见的含有形容词的习语：for good永久地 go from bad

9、to worse每况愈下in short总之简言之 all of a sudden突然 In particular特别地、特别是 in general 一般来说 as usual象平常一样 for free免费Adverb: adverbial attribute complement时间副词：末位（首、中）地点副词：末位频度副词：中位（首、末）always often frequently never hardly rarely seldom sometimes usually continually Repeatedly （反复）generally （通常）Occasionally （偶然

10、）Once a month twice a week方式副词：末位、中 angrily anxiously slowly rudely willingly widelyShe speaks English wel1. She carefully picked up the bits of broken glasso程度副词：中位、末 almost altogether完全总共 deeply entirely完全地彻底地 even pretty fairly really scarcely仅仅刚刚几乎不 terribly可怕地极度地 wholly完全地slightly稍微I quite agre

11、e with you I like it very much观点副词：首位（中、末）actually certainlyclearly显然definitely fortunately frankly honestly luckilyundoubtedly maybeNaturally, he didn, t like it表地点和时间的,些副词经常可以做表、补和定。Away off out outside inside somewhere up down upstairs behind yesterday here there around above below home abroad ab

12、oard onover等I am away from home during the weekendI must be offHe is out/in. It must be somewhere.The opera will be tonight.The meeting was yesterday.On the way home, he was caught in a shower.See the notes be1ow. Leave rooms downstairs.副词定语一般后置above then upstairs可以前置Then president当时的总统 above senten

13、ces上面的句子Verb:分为及物vl和不及物vi两种及物动词后面必须跟宾语。有些动词后面常跟双宾语或复合宾语，复合宾语也就是宾补结构1.后面常跟双宾语结构的及物动词accord给予bring带来 buy买 deny不给予grant同意给予、准许promise答应、允诺pass传递pay支付hand递 leave留、交付 teach tell throwwish希望write owe欠 send送 show展示return归还offer提供lend借给refuse拒绝take带去、带走He wrote his mother a check 他给母亲开了一张支票。The general gran

14、ted us permission to visit the mi 1 itary base 将军准许我们参观那个军事基地I have promised Susan the book by Monday我己经答应周一前给苏珊那本书。His friends accorded Tom their sincere thanks他的朋友们对汤姆表示了诚挚的谢意。save注：1、双宾语结构经常可以引入介词to或for把间宾引出保留宜宾而变成单宾语结构。用to表示动作对谁而做，间宾是实际承受者；用 for表示动作为谁而做，间宾是预定承受者。用to的动词：al lowbringcausegivesell h

15、andlend showoffer owepasspromise pay readrefuse returnteachthrowtel 1throw sendtake 等用for的动i司：bookbuildbuycallchoose cook(bake boilfry) fetchfindkeep makefind 找到orderspare等4.后面带复合宾语，也就是宾补结构的及物动词2 宾语+名词构成的宾补结构appoint任命call称作choose选择designate选派、授予elect选举count认为name称作、取名crown加冕find发现leave使keep保持conside

16、r认为nominate提名等等They crowned him king他们立他为国王。We appointed him president of the club我们任命他为俱乐部主席。I considered him a genius我认为他是个天才。We elected John chairman我们选约翰做主席。We found her a very suitable person for the job 我们发现她很适合做这项工作。You must keep it a secret.你必须对这点保密。We nominated him a member of the council我们

17、提名他为委员会的委员。3 宾语+形容词构成的宾补结构believe consider drive 逼迫dyefancy 认为find getimagine leave 使get 使 paint colour thinklike prove turn supposewishpronouncesee want等I believe him honest我相信他是诚实的。Why don t you dye it deep blue?为什么不把它染成深蓝色？They fancy themselves clever 他们自以为很聪明。He pronounced the result excellent 他

18、宣布结果极好Fear turned her pale恐惧使她脸色苍白。Do you like your tea weak or strong?你喜欢你的茶淡点还是浓点？You have left the door open你一直让门开着。His job drove him so tired 他的工作让他很累。I wish you successful我希望你成功。3）宾语+不带lo的不定式构成的宾补结构这类动词是感官性动词和使役性动词：feel see look at watch notice glance瞥见 glimpse hear listen to observe watch perc

19、eive 使役性动词指have make 和letShe looked at the dog jump她看着这条狗跳来跳去。Did you see anyone come in?你看到有人进来了吗？I noticed him prowl around 我注意到他在周围徘徊。We heard her come downstairs 我们听见她下楼了。I felt something crawl up my arm 我感到有东西爬到我的胳膊上了。It was enough to make one weep 这足以使人落泪。I didn t play； I only watched the othe

20、rs play 我没有玩，只是看着别人玩。注：以上动词用于被动语态时，不定式必须带t。She was heard to sing in the next room有人听到她在隔壁房间唱歌了。4）宾语+带lo的不定式构成的宾补结构announceask要求assert宣称assume设想begexpect期望、料想considercommand count 认为choosedeclareintendjudgedeem认为desire希望（正式）dislikelikelove prefer wantsufferthinkwishhold认为pray请求implore 乞求sufferreport报

21、告pronouncepermitorderpersuade get使I implored the king to have mercy 我乞求国王开恩。I hate you to say vulgar words 我讨厌你说这些粗话。I got them help me 我让他们帮助我。I pray you to be careful 我求你小心点。They reported a star to have appeared in the east他们报告一颗星已在东方出现。His wife disliked him to be a smoker他的妻子不喜欢他抽烟。The prince des

22、ired her to be his queen 王子希望她能成为自己的王后。5）宾语+现在分词构成的宾补结构catch捉find keep使保持 getleave使send使set还有感官性动词和使役性动词The report of the rifles sent the birds flying round the place 枪声使鸟儿绕着那个地方乱飞。Your words set me thinking他的话引起了我的思考。Don* t keep the line waiting long不要让排队的人就等了。I found my headache coming on我感到我的头痛又要

23、发作了。I caught a boy climbing over the wall 我捉到了一个孩子在翻墙。Who has left the water running 谁让水直流着呢？6）宾语+过去分词构成的宾补结构allow behold 注视 expect wish fancy feel get imagine remember request permit depict 描绘fancy conceive consider prefer require需要 urge wantpicture想象like还有使役性动词和感官性动词等Everyone considered it greatly

24、 improved大家都认为这点有了很大的改善。We must get everything straightened out我们必须把一切弄清楚。Embarrassed, they kept their eyes studiously turned away他们感到困窘,故意把视线转向别处。I prefer the eggs boiled 我喜欢吃煮鸡蛋。You don, t want him caught, do you?你不想让他被捕，是吧？I felt a great weight taken off my mind 我感到心中的块垒消除了。7）宾语+介词短语构成的宾补结构put放fi

25、nd发现leave落下guess猜想want permit感官性动词和使役性动词，大多数能跟补语的动词后面都能跟介词短语做补语。He put his coat in my room他把他的上衣放在了我的房间里。I guessed him at school 我猜想他在学校。Finally his friend found Newton in his lab最后,他朋友发现牛顿在他的实验室里注：特殊补语在动词accept choose consider （认为）describe（认为）hire imagine know recognize regard take （认为）treat use lo

26、ok on/upon （看待）think of refer to等后面常跟介词as引出的名词、形容词、分词或介词短语做宾补。 They chose him as their leader. Don* t accept everything you see on TV as true.He thought of his sister as being unhappy. Can we take it as agreed that we want to go climbing? We consider agriculture as of great importance.在动词mistake tak

27、e （误认为、错认为）后面，通常用for引出宾补。I took him for his brother. She mistook me for her twin sister.People often mistake us for each other.2. The tensec） The present indefinite tenseEg: The sun rises in the east. The earth goes around the sun.Flowers bloom and fade.注： it can also be used to indicate the things

28、to happen in the future. Thus it means the things must be done according to the plan, arrangement or stipulation and commonly they are not changeable.Eg: The train starts at 8:30.火车将在8点半开The plane leaves for New York at eight this evening.We leave London at 10:00 next Tuesday and arrive in Paris at

29、13:00. We spend two hours in Paris and leave again at 15:00.We arrive in Rome at 19:30, and spend four hours in Rome.我们下周二10点离开伦敦13点到达巴黎。在巴黎待两个小时，15点离开。19点三十分到达罗马，在罗马待4个小时。When does the film begin?It m in my office from eight to twelve tomorrow morning.Tomorrow i s Wednesday.Do you know what time th

30、e meeting is ?注:这种用法主要用于表示位置转移的动词,come go leave start return ar ri ve sail以及begin end stop open close这样的少数动词。 In adverbial clauses of time and condition and in some adverbial clauses of concession, the present indefinite tense is often used to indicate the future tense.（在时间、条件状语从句和一些让步状语从句中） He will

31、 be sad when he hear the bad news.I shal1 stay here no matter whether you do so or not.Even if you ask him again, he will not tell you.表示过去的时间A在口语中，表示传达信息的动词say tell hear read forget write learn等，此时说话重点不在动作发生的时间，而在动作的影响持续到说话的时刻。I forget what happened.I learn you are going to leave.I see you, ve got

32、a letter from Ann. What does she say?-She says she is coming to London next week.B Quote the words of the historical figures, writers and books or newspapersMarx says,“A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. n 马克思说,外语是人生斗争的一种武器。A notice at the end of the road warns people not to go a

33、ny further.C用于生动地叙述往事,使往事历历在目（也称历史现在时）（vividly relate the past and make the past clearly visible.）Eg： So she goes up to the policeman.There s a burglar in my house!” she says. uAre you sure of that?” asks the pol iceman.Yes, she says. So the policeman goes to her house and starts looking for the bur

34、glar.于是她赶到警察那儿。“我屋子里有贼！”她说。“你肯定吗？”警察问。“肯定。”她说。于是警察赶往她家，找起那个贼来。用于新闻标题或小说章节标题，电影、戏剧等的情节介绍，图片说明，舞台说明，实况解说，操作示范等。(It is often used in news title or chapter title of novel, plot instruction of film and drama, caption, stage instruction,1ive commentary and demonstrative operation) Peace Talks Fail(news ti

35、tle)Earthquake rocks Wenchuan.汶川发生地震(news title)Observe that I add water to the solution, which then turns red.注意观察，我把水加进溶液，溶液就会变成红色。(demonstrative operation)2) The past indefinite tense注：Want hope wonder think可用一般过去时表示说话人现在的感觉、想法，语气委婉。在日常会话中。Eg: Did you want me ?- Yes, I hoped you would give me a h

36、and with painting.你需要我吗？一是的，我希望你帮我油漆。I wandered whether you would help me.我不知道你是否愿意帮助我。在时间、条件状语从句中表示过去将来时间I knew that he wou1d be sad when he heard the bad news.3) The future indefinite tense表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态.附:be going to do sth A语的打算、意向，即主语本身打算在最近或将做的事。主语一般是人。Eg： I am going to meet Tom at the statio

37、n at six.He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.What are you going to do when you get your degree?B.表示说话者认为即将发生或很可能发生的事，主语人和物都行。常跟在be sure, be afraid, believe, think等动词的后面。 Eg: How pale the girl is! I am sure/I beIieve/ I think she is going to faint.Look at those clouds! Itt s going to rain. be

38、 to do sthA表示按计划、安排等将要发生的事。Eg： We are meet twice a week. They are to be married soon.The Queen is to visit Japan next year。B.表示命令、职责、义务、愿望等。Eg： Tell her she, s not to be back late.You are to finish your homework before you watch TV.She is to wash the dishes.（该她洗盘子）If we are to be at the station in t

39、ime, we must go now.What am I to do then?那我该怎么办啊？be about to do sth表示正即将发生的动作。不跟表将来时间的时间状语。Eg： The plane is about take off. The film is about to begin.4）现在进行时 The present continuous tenseEg： The population is increasing very fast.Jenny is working very hard this term.附：表去向或位移的动词如go come take off以及do

40、dine work sleep等的进行时，常带表将来时间状语What subjects are you doing next term?下学期你们将学什么课程？时间条件状语从句中表将来进行Eg： If I am still sleeping when he comes, wake me up, please.进行时带有感情色彩，大多用来表示厌烦、不满，也可用于赞扬。常与always frequently all the time forever等连用Eg： It is always raining in England.He is always saying wrong things.他总是说

41、错话.She is forever complaining about something.He is always thinking of others.有些短暂性动词的现在进行时表示动作的反复或渐进性。The big boy is hitting the little one.这个大男孩不断地打那个小男孩。The boy is jumping with joy.表示思想状态的动词般不用于进行时，用于进行时时表示思维的过程。Consider forget think believe doubt regret imagine等Eg： I am forgetting my maths.我的数学逐

42、渐忘了。I am forgetting my raincoat.我差点忘了我的雨伞。I am thinking where he is now.We are considering going to Canada 我们正在考虑去加拿大的事。表示喜恶等情感的词,般不用于进行时.Love like dislike hate prefer object to mind介意，但是love like hate用来强调这种感情的暂时性时，可用于进行时。Eg： I am loving the music.我喜欢音乐How are you liking your new job?你喜欢你的新工作吗？Mind意

43、为照料是可用于进行时My husband is minding the baby, while I am out shopping.表示要求愿望的动词一般不用于进行时，hope want expect （预料要求）intend wish wonder wish require suggest 但是hope和intend有时可以用于进行时表示语气委婉或强调持续一段时间。I am hoping you can give me some advice.我一直希望你能给我点建议.We are intending to visit Rome.我们一直打算去罗马参观.expect作为期待盼望意思讲时课用于

44、进行时.He is expecting a letter.表示所属拥有构成容纳等抽象关系的动词不用于进行时。belong to have contain possess consist of interest own hold（拥有）depend on exist weight costbe +介词短语也常表进行时态，at on in underHe is at work.=He is working.The plane is in flight. The new machine is in wide use.The buiIding is under construction.The num

45、ber of the people asking to go there is on the increaseThe colour TV sets are on sale.He is on a visit to England.做系动词的状态动词一般不用于进行时，be seem appear taste smell look feel remain等，但是be look表示短暂的特征时，可以用于进行时You are just being si 1 ly 你可真蠢。You are looking better now 你现在看起来好些了。appear作为“出现”意思讲时，可以用于进行时The s

46、un is just appearing over the horizon太阳刚刚露出地平线。5） The past continuous tense 过去进行时6） The present perfect tense现在完成时常跟long for+时间段since +时间点So far up till now in the past/last few yearsEg: I havenJ t seen her in the past years.附：表过去的经历，与表示不确定时间的ever never before already等连用。Eg： He has ever lived in Lon

47、don.他在伦敦住过.Have you ever been to Rome?你到过罗马吗？We have never laughed so much before.Have you been in this school?表示从过去到包括现在在内的这段时间中反复发生的动作和多次出现的状态。常与frequently often always usually on Sundays这样的时间状语连用。We have always spoken English since we arrived in England.He has often opened the window and has sat there for hours looking out into the garden.He has got up so late on Sundays.(3)常与ever never before already连用He has never lived in London beforeHave you ever been t