考研长难句讲义.docx

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1、、语法部分句子结构简单句简单句的五种基本结构 Optimism is not a luxury; it is a necessity. Self-confidence matters. Real heroes can inspire the young generation. Hard work won him respect. The unchecked growth of the tourism may render the environment seriously polluted.并列句 两个或以上独立分句 并列连词 各分句主谓完整 各分句意思同等重要，互相独立 主要连词： and,

2、 or, but, yet2000年 Textl A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.复合句 一个主句和一个或多个从句,主句表达主要意思 从句表达次要意思三大从句名词性从句名词从句引导词对应的简单句类型引导词是否作成分引导词是否可以省略连词that对应于陈述句不作成分，无实际含义在不影响句子意思的情况下，宾语从句的that可以省略连词 whetherif对应于一般疑问句不作成分，有“

3、是否”的含义不能省去，因为有“是否”的含义连接副词 when,where, why,how 连接代词 who,whom,what, which, whose对应于特殊疑问句When,where, why,how在从句中作状语； wh（）,whoin,what 作主语、宾语、表语；which和 whose作定语，后接名词不能省去，因为既作“成分”又有“实际含义”一、主语从句 that引导的主语从句 whether引导的主语从句 特殊疑问词引导的主语从句that引导的主语从句 That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.(1998年 Text5

4、) That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.(2(X)6年 Text3)常见的主语从句的类型 1. It is +形容词+that从句 It is obvious/necessary/likely/fortunate/true that. It is true that English is becoming an international language.2000年翻译Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is d

5、irectly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry. 2. It is +过去分词+that从句 It is believed that(人们认为.) It is generally thought that (人们普遍认为)1995年考研完形 For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 1(X) percent fatal to rats.1992年翻译But it is generally agreed that

6、a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. 3. It is +名词短语+that It is a fact that. It is common knowledge that It is my belief that. It is common knowledge that whale is no

7、t a fish. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.(Pride and Prejudice)whether引导的主语从句Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul M is debatable; That they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact.2

8、005年 TextlHowever, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.特殊疑问词引导的主语从句How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate

9、 is.1995年翻译 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.二、宾语从句一按位置划分 及物动词后的宾语从句 介词后的宾语从句及物动词后的宾语从句I have learned that love, not time, hea

10、ls all wounds.2005年 Text2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure?介词后的宾语从句There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.1997年 Text4The test of any democratic society,

11、“ he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column,lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.三、表语从句The truth is that marriage, at the start, is an empty

12、box. You must put something in before you can take anything out. There is no love in marriage, love is in people, and people put it into marriage.2002年 Text3One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the backgroun

13、d of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.1997年 Text2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them.四、同位语从句抽象名词+that +陈述句 There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability.20

14、05年 Text3 A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.定语从句1、形容词作定语与从句作定语的比较 I dont like lazy people. I dont like people who never keep their word.2、先行词和关系词 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。 关系词：重复指代先行词、起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充

15、当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。先行词 一个词 一个短语 一个句子2006年完形 Even when homeless individuals manage to find a that will give them threemeals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street.A lodgingB shelterC dwellingD house1995年 Text3Many of lifes problems which w

16、ere solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.2004年翻译The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages

17、 could be.关系代词who, whom先行词只能指“人”which先行词只能指“物”that, whose先行词可以指“人”或“物”2005年翻译47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.1999年 Text2S

18、ome companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet.2000年 TextlAmerica and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.关系副

19、词whenwherewhy 1999年 TextlLuckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers, misfortunes.2005年 Text3Of

20、all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.1999年 TextlAs personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases

21、 where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything.why的用法why用来表原因，只引导限制性定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词。This is the reason why I didnt come here.此处的 why=for whichFrom my perspective, the reason why we hesitate and shrink from making a definite decision when we are surrounded by multiple choices,

22、is that we make too many comparisons.介词+关系代词1994年 Text 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that th

23、ey want most.2003年 Text3 Its a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.限定性与非限定性定语从句 一、限定性定语从句 若去掉限定性定语从句，则主句部分的意思不明确，或意义不完整，所以不能用逗号来分隔先行词和定语从句。 There are two factors which de

24、termine an individuaFs intelligence. He is a man who is of value to the people. 二、非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步解释、补充和说明。若去掉此定语从句，整个主句的意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。 The cab drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another road. The cab drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road.定

25、语从句与同位语从句的区分 The news that you heard is not true. The news that Lincoln was murdered at a theater is true.综合练习The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts

26、Movement of the nineteenth century.状语从句状语从句种类常用连接词特殊连接词时间状语从句When, while, as, before, since, till, until, as soon as1 .一些时间名词：the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, next time, every time2 .些副词：instantly, immediately, directly3 .固定搭配的建词：no sooner-than, hardly-when, scarcelywhen.地点状语从句WhereWher

27、ever, anywhere, everywhere原因状语从句Because, as, for, sinceSeeing that, considering that, now that, given that, in that, inasmuch as, insomuch as目的状语从句So that, in order that, thatLest, for fear that, in case, in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that结果状语从句So-that, so that,

28、 such-thatSuch that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that条件状语从句If, unlessSuppose, supposing, providing, provided（特别关注：supposed, provide不用作条件从句的连词） on condition that, so long as, as long as让步状语从句Although, though, even though, even ifWhile（一般用在句首），as（用于

29、倒装结构）,whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever, whether or, as adj. as +主谓结构用在句首比较状语从句As, thanThe more-, the more;just as,so; A is to B what/as C is to D; no more-than; not A so much as B/not so much A as B方式状语从句as, as if/as though, the way结果状语从句常用引导结果状语从句的连词有：so.that, such.that以及so

30、 that和such that.so.that的用法 接形容词2001年考研翻译 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder - kitchen rage. 接副词 1999年阅读 Text5He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes

31、 them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.such.that 的用法2006年完形Indeed, homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments cant possibly cope.1998年 Text5As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the contine

32、nt may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.其他短语连接的结果状语从句这些结构有：to the degree (that), to the extent (that), to such a degree (that), to such an extent (that).2002岸 Text4Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their

33、 patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,to the extent that it constitutes systematic patient abuse.”目的状语从句2(X)3年 Text4Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way, so that younger, healthier people can r

34、ealize their potential.2003年完形In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have short attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized participants can remain active aslong as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting t

35、he other participants down.A if onlyB now thatC so thatD even if 2003年 Text2They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.2000年 Text5What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to thei

36、r dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.让步状语从句2001年 Text5While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late 80s and is still linked to the politics of th

37、rift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.2006年翻译48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of

38、approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.2005年 Text4While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.No matter wh-我们可以用 no matter + wh

39、at, who, when, where, which, how 或者 whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever, whichever, however来引导让步状语从句，表示“无论请注意，这儿个连词除了 however外，一般都是单独使用，而however后面通常要接形容词或副词，不单独使用。2000年 Text2But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.2000年阅读Text3When a new

40、 movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.非谓语动词非谓语动词分类：分词的作用：分词短语做定语分词短语做状语分词作定语2006 Text 1Rod

41、riguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nations assimilative power.”2006 Text 1People are absorbed into “a

42、culture of consumption launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.2000年翻译75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements - themselves made relatively ea

43、sy nowadays by modem means of transport.分词作状语2(X)3年 Text3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.1999年 Text 1Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipa

44、te every possible accident.2007年 Text3For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.综合练习：1999年 Text 1In May, Julie Nimmons, president

45、of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.二、长难句部分1 .多重后置定语2 .分隔结构3 .并列结构4 .代词指代5 .强调句6 .倒装句7 .省略句8 .比较结构9 . as结构1、多重后置定语2004年完形Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime

46、rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.1994年完形 The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener interfere with his comprehensi

47、on; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. A who B as C which D what2、分隔结构动宾分割结构动词+介词短语+宾语1998年完形 By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.2006年7选5The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals an