西方文化概论课件.ppt

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1、西方文化概论西方文化概论Introduction to Western Culture第一章、文化的概念及中西文化之第一章、文化的概念及中西文化之差异差异n n1、文化的概念、“文化”与“文明”的细微差别n n2、文化与自然n n3、文化对人类自我持存及演进的作用n n4、中西文化的差异文化的概念文化的概念、“文化文化”与与“文明文明”的细微差的细微差别别n n“文化文化”对应的英文词是对应的英文词是Culture:“Culture:“最近的词源是拉丁最近的词源是拉丁文文 culturacultura,可追溯的最早词源为拉丁文可追溯的最早词源为拉丁文colerecolere。Colere Co

2、lere 具有一系列义涵：居住（具有一系列义涵：居住（inhabitinhabit）、栽种）、栽种（cultivatecultivate）、保护（）、保护（protect protect）、朝拜（）、朝拜（honour with honour with worshipworship）。）。”雷蒙雷蒙威廉斯（威廉斯（Raymond Raymond WilliamsWilliams）:关键词关键词文化与社会的词汇文化与社会的词汇n n主要指人的生活形式（主要指人的生活形式（form of lifeform of life）、工具和产品、象）、工具和产品、象征符号性活动、信仰等。文化随不同的历史和社

3、会条件而征符号性活动、信仰等。文化随不同的历史和社会条件而有所不同。有所不同。“文化文化”与与“文明文明”(”(civilization)的的细微差别细微差别n nCivilizationCivilization描述一种有序的（描述一种有序的（orderedordered）社会生）社会生活状态，并指进入社会生活的过程。曾经与教化活状态，并指进入社会生活的过程。曾经与教化意义接近，与野蛮状态相对，但现在的用法趋于意义接近，与野蛮状态相对，但现在的用法趋于中性。中性。n n其动词形式其动词形式civilize civilize 来自法语来自法语civiliser,civiliser,较近可较近可追

4、溯到中古拉丁语追溯到中古拉丁语civilizarecivilizare（使行事事件变成（使行事事件变成民事（民事（civilcivil）事件）事件）,其引申义为其引申义为“使使进入一种社会组织进入一种社会组织”（to bring to bring within a form of social organizationwithin a form of social organization）n n最早的词源为拉丁文最早的词源为拉丁文civilis(civilis(市民的、公民的市民的、公民的)。n n 见雷蒙见雷蒙威廉斯（威廉斯（Raymond WilliamsRaymond Williams

5、）:关键词关键词文化与社会的词汇文化与社会的词汇n n“在广义上，文化是指人类思想、行为与人类活在广义上，文化是指人类思想、行为与人类活动产品的总和。在此意义上，文化与生物本性截动产品的总和。在此意义上，文化与生物本性截然不同，并且一直用来区别人类与动物，因此属然不同，并且一直用来区别人类与动物，因此属于哲学人类学的主体。在狭义上包括艺术、体育、于哲学人类学的主体。在狭义上包括艺术、体育、娱乐和其他休闲活动。高雅文化包括最有意味和娱乐和其他休闲活动。高雅文化包括最有意味和最上乘的视觉艺术作品、音乐、舞蹈与文学，从最上乘的视觉艺术作品、音乐、舞蹈与文学，从而与通俗文化形成对照，尽管在某些情况下两

6、者而与通俗文化形成对照，尽管在某些情况下两者相互影响。文化也指通过教育和培训而获得的个相互影响。文化也指通过教育和培训而获得的个人修养。文化学旨在搞清价值创造所界定的东西。人修养。文化学旨在搞清价值创造所界定的东西。”文化常与自然相对而言文化常与自然相对而言n n“Culture stands in contrast to biological nature and“Culture stands in contrast to biological nature and has been used to distinguish humans from animal.It has been use

7、d to distinguish humans from animal.It belongs to the subject of philosophical belongs to the subject of philosophical anthropology.”anthropology.”n n“文化与生物本性截然不同，并且一直用来区别文化与生物本性截然不同，并且一直用来区别人类与动物，因此属于哲学人类学的主体。人类与动物，因此属于哲学人类学的主体。”n n 布宁、余纪元编：西方哲学英汉对照辞典布宁、余纪元编：西方哲学英汉对照辞典n n进一步的思考：区分文化与自然的困难进一步的思考：区分文

8、化与自然的困难文化对人类持存和演进的作用文化对人类持存和演进的作用n n“Understanding culture in the wider sense is one typical“Understanding culture in the wider sense is one typical concern of historical,anthropological,and sociological studies.concern of historical,anthropological,and sociological studies.The study of culture in t

9、he narrow sense is the province of the The study of culture in the narrow sense is the province of the humanities,whose aim is to interpret and transmit to future humanities,whose aim is to interpret and transmit to future generations the system of values in terms of which participants generations t

10、he system of values in terms of which participants in a form of life find meaning and purpose.In either of these in a form of life find meaning and purpose.In either of these senses,culture can may be thought of as a causal agent that senses,culture can may be thought of as a causal agent that affec

11、ts the evolutionary process by uniquely human means.affects the evolutionary process by uniquely human means.For it permits the self-conscious evaluation of human For it permits the self-conscious evaluation of human possibilities in the light of a system of values that reflect possibilities in the

12、light of a system of values that reflect prevailing ideals about what human life ought to be.Culture is prevailing ideals about what human life ought to be.Culture is thus and indispensable device for increasing human control thus and indispensable device for increasing human control over the direct

13、ion in which our species changes.”J.Kimover the direction in which our species changes.”J.Kim中国文化与西方文化中国文化与西方文化n n1、中国文化与西方文化的相遇、碰撞与融 通n n2、深入理解西方文化的必要性n n3、西方文化的特质（初步讨论）文化多元与中西文化的差异文化多元与中西文化的差异n nCulture may also refer to the system of value and Culture may also refer to the system of value and way

14、s of thinking peculiar to a society.This amounts ways of thinking peculiar to a society.This amounts to the“consciousness of a society.”to the“consciousness of a society.”n n不同社会、人群之间存在文化差异不同社会、人群之间存在文化差异n n中西文化之间的差异初步讨论中西文化之间的差异初步讨论n n中国文化的核心：儒家伦理、道家思想及道教、中国文化的核心：儒家伦理、道家思想及道教、中国化的佛家。中国化的佛家。n n西方文化的

15、核心：希腊理性传统、犹太西方文化的核心：希腊理性传统、犹太-基督教传基督教传统统中西文化的相遇、碰撞与融通中西文化的相遇、碰撞与融通n n明清之际中西文化交流、冲突的重要事件n n利玛窦（利玛窦（Matteo Ricci，1552年年10月月6日日1610年年5月月11日），意大利的耶稣会传教士，日），意大利的耶稣会传教士，学者。明朝万历年间来到中国居住。其原学者。明朝万历年间来到中国居住。其原名中文直译为玛提欧名中文直译为玛提欧利奇，利玛窦是他利奇，利玛窦是他的中文名字，号西泰，又号清泰、西江。的中文名字，号西泰，又号清泰、西江。在中国颇受士大夫的敬重，尊称为在中国颇受士大夫的敬重，尊称为“

16、泰西泰西儒士儒士”。著交友论等著作，与徐光启。著交友论等著作，与徐光启合译几何原本。合译几何原本。2 2 2 2、马戛尔尼（、马戛尔尼（、马戛尔尼（、马戛尔尼（Lord MacartneyLord MacartneyLord MacartneyLord Macartney）于）于）于）于1793179317931793年在热年在热年在热年在热河觐见乾隆皇帝河觐见乾隆皇帝河觐见乾隆皇帝河觐见乾隆皇帝林则徐与虎门销烟林则徐与虎门销烟4 4、西学东渐、西学东渐n n西式教育体制的建立n n西学的引入第二章、古希腊理性传统溯源第二章、古希腊理性传统溯源n n西方文化的两大根源n n1、源自古希腊哲学的

17、理性传统n n2、犹太-基督教传统两种思维或话语模式两种思维或话语模式:Logos vs.Mythosn nThe Greek word LOGOS designates a certain kind of The Greek word LOGOS designates a certain kind of thinking about the world,a kind of logical analysis thinking about the world,a kind of logical analysis that places things in the context of reaso

18、n and that places things in the context of reason and explains them with the pure force of thought.Such an explains them with the pure force of thought.Such an intellectual exercise was supposed to lead to wisdom intellectual exercise was supposed to lead to wisdom(Sophia),and those who dedicated th

19、emselves to(Sophia),and those who dedicated themselves to Logos were thought of as lovers of wisdom(love=),Logos were thought of as lovers of wisdom(love=),hence as philosophers.hence as philosophers.n n What was there before philosophy,before Logos?n nThere was There was mythosmythos-a certain way

20、of thinking that -a certain way of thinking that placed the world in the context of its supernatural placed the world in the context of its supernatural origins.origins.MythosMythos explained explainedn nworldly things by tracing them to exceptional,worldly things by tracing them to exceptional,some

21、times sacred,events that caused the world to be sometimes sacred,events that caused the world to be as it is now.In the case of the Greeks,this meant as it is now.In the case of the Greeks,this meant tracing them to the dramatic acts of the gods of tracing them to the dramatic acts of the gods of Mo

22、unt Olympus.The narratives describing these Mount Olympus.The narratives describing these origins mythsare not only explanatory but also origins mythsare not only explanatory but also morally exemplary and ritualistically instructive.morally exemplary and ritualistically instructive.古希腊的神话古希腊的神话n nA

23、mong the earliest literary sources are Homers two epic Among the earliest literary sources are Homers two epic poems,the poems,the IliadIliad and the and the OdysseyOdyssey.Hesiod.Hesiod（赫西奥德）（赫西奥德）,a,a possible contemporary with Homer,offers in his Theogonypossible contemporary with Homer,offers in

24、 his Theogony（神谱神谱）(Origin of the GodsOrigin of the Gods)the fullest account of the)the fullest account of the earliest Greek myths,dealing with the creation of the world;earliest Greek myths,dealing with the creation of the world;the origin of the gods,Titans and Giants;as well as elaborate the ori

25、gin of the gods,Titans and Giants;as well as elaborate genealogies,folktales,and etiological myths.Hesiods genealogies,folktales,and etiological myths.Hesiods Works Works and Daysand Days（工作与时日工作与时日）,a didactic poem about,a didactic poem about farming life,also includes the myths of Prometheus,Pando

26、ra,farming life,also includes the myths of Prometheus,Pandora,and the Four Ages.The poet gives advice on the best way to and the Four Ages.The poet gives advice on the best way to succeed in a dangerous world,rendered yet more dangerous by succeed in a dangerous world,rendered yet more dangerous by

27、its gods.its gods.The mythological history of the world divided into three or four periods:n nThe myths of originThe myths of origin or or age of gods(Theogonies,age of gods(Theogonies,births of gods)births of gods):myths about the origins of the:myths about the origins of the world,the gods,and the

28、 human race.world,the gods,and the human race.n nThe age when gods and mortals mingled freelyThe age when gods and mortals mingled freely:stories of the early interactions between gods,stories of the early interactions between gods,demigods,and mortals.demigods,and mortals.n nThe age of heroes(heroi

29、c age)The age of heroes(heroic age),where divine activity,where divine activity was more limited.The last and greatest of the heroic was more limited.The last and greatest of the heroic legends is the story of legends is the story of the Trojan War and afterthe Trojan War and after (which is regarde

30、d by some researchers as a separate(which is regarded by some researchers as a separate fourth period).fourth period).Hero Cult 英雄崇拜英雄崇拜n nWhile the age of gods often has been of more interest While the age of gods often has been of more interest to contemporary students of myth,the Greek authors to

31、 contemporary students of myth,the Greek authors of the archaic and classical eras had a clear preference of the archaic and classical eras had a clear preference for the age of heroes,establishing a chronology and for the age of heroes,establishing a chronology and record of human accomplishments a

32、fter the questions record of human accomplishments after the questions of how the world came into being were explained.of how the world came into being were explained.Under the influence of Homer the“hero cult”leads to Under the influence of Homer the“hero cult”leads to a restructuring in spiritual

33、life,expressed in the a restructuring in spiritual life,expressed in the separation of the realm of the gods from the realm of separation of the realm of the gods from the realm of the dead(heroes),of the Chthonic the dead(heroes),of the Chthonic（冥府的、黑暗（冥府的、黑暗神秘的）神秘的）from the Olympian.from the Olymp

34、ian.The Myth of Pandora and the Iron Age n nIn the In the Works and DaysWorks and Days,Hesiod makes use of a scheme of Four,Hesiod makes use of a scheme of Four Ages of Man(or Races):Golden,Silver,Bronze,and Iron.Ages of Man(or Races):Golden,Silver,Bronze,and Iron.These races or ages are separate cr

35、eations of the gods,the These races or ages are separate creations of the gods,the Golden Age belonging to the reign of Cronus,the subsequent Golden Age belonging to the reign of Cronus,the subsequent races the creation of Zeus.Hesiod intercalates the Age(or races the creation of Zeus.Hesiod interca

36、lates the Age(or Race)of Heroes just after the Bronze Age.The final age was Race)of Heroes just after the Bronze Age.The final age was the Iron Age,the contemporary period during which the poet the Iron Age,the contemporary period during which the poet lived.The poet regards it as the worst;the pres

37、ence of evil was lived.The poet regards it as the worst;the presence of evil was explained by the myth of Pandora,when all of the best of explained by the myth of Pandora,when all of the best of human capabilities,save hope,had been spilled out of her human capabilities,save hope,had been spilled ou

38、t of her overturned jar.In overturned jar.In MetamorhosesMetamorhoses,Ovid follows Hesiods,Ovid follows Hesiods concept of the four ages.concept of the four ages.古希腊的戏剧古希腊的戏剧Ancient Greek theatre n n埃斯库罗斯Aeschylus,n n索福克勒斯Sophocles,n n欧里庇得斯Euripides,n n 阿里斯托芬Aristophanes n nThey teach morality by te

39、lling stories about Agamennon,Oedipus,Antigone,Medea etc.古希腊哲学的产生古希腊哲学的产生n nThen,suddenly,philosophy happened-Logos broke upon the scene,at least,according to the traditional account.(There are other accounts,however,accounts that suggest that Western Logos-philosophy and science-is just our version

40、 of myth.)n nLets suppose that the first philosophers Lets suppose that the first philosophers explanation of the flooding of the Nile River during explanation of the flooding of the Nile River during the summer(most rivers tend to dry up in the the summer(most rivers tend to dry up in the summer)as

41、 being caused by desert winds(desert summer)as being caused by desert winds(desert winds,NOT battles or love affairs among gods)really winds,NOT battles or love affairs among gods)really does constitute novelty.Natural phenomena are does constitute novelty.Natural phenomena are explained by other na

42、tural phenomena,not by explained by other natural phenomena,not by supernatural events in dream time.In that case,supernatural events in dream time.In that case,Greece truly is the cradle of Western philosophy.Greece truly is the cradle of Western philosophy.n n -(D.Palmer -(D.Palmer)希腊哲学的兴起与之前的希腊哲学

43、的兴起与之前的“正义正义”概念的关系：概念的关系：n nThe changes of the seasons are plainly brought about The changes of the seasons are plainly brought about by the Encroachments of one pair of opposites,the by the Encroachments of one pair of opposites,the cold and the wet,on the other pair,the hot and the cold and the we

44、t,on the other pair,the hot and the dry,which in their turn encroach on the other pair.dry,which in their turn encroach on the other pair.This process was naturally described in terms This process was naturally described in terms borrowed from human society;for in early days the borrowed from human

45、society;for in early days the regularity and constancy of human life was far more regularity and constancy of human life was far more clearly realised than the uniformity of nature.Man clearly realised than the uniformity of nature.Man rived in a charmed circle of social law and custom,rived in a ch

46、armed circle of social law and custom,but the world around him at first seemed lawless.but the world around him at first seemed lawless.n n n nThat is why the encroachment of one opposite on That is why the encroachment of one opposite on another was spoken of as injustice and the due another was sp

47、oken of as injustice and the due observance of a balance between them as justice.The observance of a balance between them as justice.The later word kosmos is based on this notion too.It later word kosmos is based on this notion too.It meant originally the discipline of an army,and next meant origina

48、lly the discipline of an army,and next the ordered constitution of a state.the ordered constitution of a state.n nThat,however,was not enough.The earliest cosmologists That,however,was not enough.The earliest cosmologists could find no satisfaction in the view of the world as a could find no satisfa

49、ction in the view of the world as a perpetual contest between opposites.They felt that these must perpetual contest between opposites.They felt that these must somehow have a common ground,from which they had issued somehow have a common ground,from which they had issued and to which they must retur

50、n once more.They were in search and to which they must return once more.They were in search of something more primary than the opposites,something of something more primary than the opposites,something which persisted through all change,and ceased to exist in one which persisted through all change,a