决策陷阱已改55569.pptx
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1、Decision Theory and Methods决策理论与方法国防科学技术大学信息系统与管理学院2012年3月6日 星期二主要内容主要内容常见的决策陷阱类型避免决策陷阱的方法教学教学重难点重难点常见的决策陷阱类型教学要求教学要求理解常见的决策陷阱了解避免决策陷阱的方法第四讲:决策陷阱1.1.决策决策是普遍存在的是普遍存在的 The pervasiveness of The pervasiveness of decision makingdecision making2.2.理性理性决策决策程序模式程序模式 The The RationalRational decision making
2、process decision making process3.3.情绪情绪的的影响影响:决策决策陷阱的陷阱的实例实例 The The EmotionalEmotional effect effect4 4.如何做一个成功的决策者如何做一个成功的决策者内 容 大 纲(一一)个人个人1.考研 vs.工作2.Buying Decision3.Consumer Behavior 1.决策是普遍存在的一生能有几次选择?举例说明你最差劲的一次决策。课堂讨论(二二)公司公司1.1.营销:秦池营销:秦池2.2.生产:冠生圆生产:冠生圆3.3.控制:三株控制:三株1.1.确定问题确定问题 5.5.分析分析备
3、选备选方案方案2.2.辨识决策辨识决策准则准则 6.6.选择选择一一个决策个决策方案方案3.3.分配分配权重给准则权重给准则 7.7.执行决策执行决策方案方案4.4.发展发展备选备选方案方案 8.8.评估决策评估决策效能效能讨论讨论:1.1.见识谋断见识谋断,Intelligent,Design,Choice activityIntelligent,Design,Choice activity2.2.那一步最那一步最难难?以?以买电脑为例买电脑为例。理性决策程序模式ProblemIdentification“My salespeopleneed new computers”Identifica
4、tion of Decision CriteriaPriceWeightWarrantyScreen typeReliabilityScreen sizeAllocation ofWeights to CriteriaReliability 10Screen size 8Warranty 5Weight 5 Price 4Screen type 3Development of AlternativesAcerCompaqGatewayHPMicromediaNECSonyToshibaImplementationof an AlternativeGatewayEvaluationof Deci
5、sionEffectivenessAnalysis ofAlternativesAcerCompaqGatewayHPMicromediaNECSonyToshibaSelection of anAlternativeAcerCompaqGateway HPMicromediaNECSonyToshiba Prentice Hall,2002The Decision-Making ProcessDecision Criteria and WeightsAssessment of Car Alternatives1.1.问题问题问题问题的的的的类类类类型型型型:结结结结构构构构良好良好良好良好,
6、若若若若结结结结构不佳构不佳构不佳构不佳?2.2.理性的限制理性的限制理性的限制理性的限制:若非完全理性若非完全理性若非完全理性若非完全理性?理性决策模式的假设前提 Assumptionsn nStructured ProblemsqInvolve goals that clear.qAre familiar(have occurred before).qAre easily and completely definedinformation about the problem is available and complete.n nProgrammed DecisionqA repetit
7、ive decision that can be handled by a routine approach.e.g.Policy,Procedure,Rules.n nUnstructured ProblemsqProblems that are new or unusual and for which information is ambiguous or incomplete.qProblems that will require custom-made solutions.n nNonprogrammed DecisionsqDecisions that are unique and
8、nonrecurring.qDecisions that generate unique responses.ProgrammedDecisionsNonprogrammedDecisionsLevel inOrganizationTopLowerWell-structuredIll-structuredType ofProblemTypes of Problems,Decisions,and Level in the Organization14决策者最常犯的错误:问错问题!1.1.将一般性问题视为一连串的独立事件来处理将一般性问题视为一连串的独立事件来处理 需事先拟定规则、政策和原则。需事
9、先拟定规则、政策和原则。2.2.每次遇到新问题,常都视之为旧问题的翻版每次遇到新问题,常都视之为旧问题的翻版 不可套用旧方法处理新问题。不可套用旧方法处理新问题。3.3.给问题错误的、似是而非的、不完整的定义给问题错误的、似是而非的、不完整的定义 针对所有可观察事实,一再检查定义,修正新定义。针对所有可观察事实,一再检查定义,修正新定义。Assumptions of RationalityThe Paradox of Choicen n高级新果酱样品试吃,高级新果酱样品试吃,6 vs.246 vs.24种种,何何者吸引人较多?实际买较多?者吸引人较多?实际买较多?Bounded Rationa
10、lityqManagers make decisions rationally,but are limited(bounded)by their ability to process information.qAssumptions are that decision makers:nWill not seek out or have knowledge of all alternativesnWill satisfied-choose the 1st alternative encountered that satisfactorily solves the problem.qInfluen
11、ce on decision makingnOrg.culture,Power&politics,and.The Role of Intuitionn nIntuitive decision makingqMaking decisions on the basis of experience,feelings,and accumulated judgment.19What is Intuition?20Guidelines for making effective decisionsn nIt focuses on what is It focuses on what is important
12、important.n nIt is It is logicallogical and consistent.and consistent.n nIt acknowledges both subjective and objective It acknowledges both subjective and objective thinking and blends thinking and blends analyticalanalytical with with intuitiveintuitive thinking.thinking.n nIt requires only as much
13、 It requires only as much informationinformation and analysis as is and analysis as is necessary to resolve a particular dilemma.necessary to resolve a particular dilemma.n nIt is straightforward,reliable,easy to use,and flexible.It is straightforward,reliable,easy to use,and flexible.21Habits of hi
14、ghly reliable organizations(HROs)1.Are not tricked by their success.2.Defer to the experts on the front line.3.Let unexpected circumstances provide the solution.4.Embrace complexity.5.Anticipate,but also anticipate their limits.22 3.情情绪绪的影响的影响:决策决策陷阱的陷阱的实实例例 The Emotional effect3.1 营销营销高手高手 vs.精明精明顾
15、顾客客3.2 心理心理账户账户 vs.金金钱账户钱账户3.3 其他:送其他:送礼礼、激励的激励的艺术艺术Behavior Economics:Buying decisions:consumer behavior,product/service(hedonic,utilitarian,positional),promotion strategy.Common Decision Traps24Common Decision Trapsn nHeuristicsHeuristicsqUsing“rules of thumb”to simplify decision making.n nOvercon
16、fidence BiasOverconfidence BiasqHolding unrealistically positive views of ones self and ones performance.n nImmediate Gratification BiasImmediate Gratification BiasqChoosing alternatives that offer immediate rewards and that to avoid immediate costs.Common Decision Trapsn nAnchoring EffectAnchoring
17、EffectqFixating on initial information and ignoring subsequent information.n nSelective Perception BiasSelective Perception BiasqSelecting organizing and interpreting events based on the decision makers biased perceptions.n nConfirmation BiasConfirmation BiasqSeeking out information that reaffirms p
18、ast choices and discounting contradictory information.Common Decision Trapsn nFraming BiasFraming BiasqSelecting and highlighting certain aspects of a situation while ignoring other aspects.n nAvailability BiasAvailability BiasqLosing decision-making objectivity by focusing on the most recent events
19、.n nRepresentation BiasRepresentation BiasqDrawing analogies and seeing identical situations when none exist.n nRandomness BiasRandomness BiasqCreating unfounded meaning out of random events.Common Decision Trapsn nSunk Costs ErrorsSunk Costs ErrorsqForgetting that current actions cannot influence p
20、ast events and relate only to future consequences.n nSelf-Serving BiasSelf-Serving BiasqTaking quick credit for successes and blaming outside factors for failures.n nHindsight BiasHindsight BiasqMistakenly believing that an event could have been predicted once the actual outcome is known(after-the-f
21、act).某地某地爆发传染病爆发传染病,预测预测死死600600人人甲地甲地n n对策对策对策对策A:600A:600人人人人当当当当中,有中,有中,有中,有200200人可人可人可人可获救获救获救获救。n n对策对策对策对策B:1/3 B:1/3 机率机率机率机率救救救救600600人,人,人,人,2/32/3机率机率机率机率救救救救0 0人。人。人。人。对策对策对策对策A:72%A:72%乙地乙地n n对策对策对策对策A:600A:600人人人人当当当当中,有中,有中,有中,有400400人人人人会会会会死亡。死亡。死亡。死亡。n n对策对策对策对策B:1/3B:1/3机率机率机率机率0
22、0人死,人死,人死,人死,2/32/3机率机率机率机率600600人全死人全死人全死人全死 对对对对策策策策B:78%B:78%Kahneman(2002 Nobel Prize):决策决策框架(框架(decision frame)n nKahneman&Tversky(1970)q对策 A和B 的内容(事实)是一样的,却因为陈述方式(框架)不同,而影响人们对内容的观感,以致影响其决策。q人们会受到决策框架(描述、包装、设计、标签、广告代言人)的影响,以不理性的方式做决策。Kahneman(2002 Nobel Prize):Prospect Theory(展望理论展望理论)决策准则决策准则一
23、一个个人在作人在作决策决策时时,会同会同时时考考虑虑以下四个目以下四个目标标:(1)Max Accuracy(2)Min Effort(3)Max Ease of Justification(4)Min Negative Emotion Caused by Inaccurate Decision 旧书店买音乐辞典旧书店买音乐辞典你愿为这两本辞典各出价多少?情情况况一一书店只有辞典或辞典书店只有辞典或辞典书店只有辞典或辞典书店只有辞典或辞典情情况况二二书店同时有这两种辞典出售书店同时有这两种辞典出售书店同时有这两种辞典出售书店同时有这两种辞典出售 直直觉觉 vs.反直反直觉觉A:词汇数词汇数1万
24、。没有破损,全新。万。没有破损,全新。B:词汇数词汇数2万。封面稍破,其他部分全新。万。封面稍破,其他部分全新。营销高手的示范营销高手的示范 家居用品商家居用品商家居用品商家居用品商 Williams-SonomaWilliams-Sonoma首度引进家用面首度引进家用面首度引进家用面首度引进家用面包烘焙机包烘焙机包烘焙机包烘焙机(售价售价售价售价275275美元美元美元美元)。大部分消费者都缺失兴趣:我们真的需要在家里大部分消费者都缺失兴趣:我们真的需要在家里大部分消费者都缺失兴趣:我们真的需要在家里大部分消费者都缺失兴趣:我们真的需要在家里自制面包吗?好不好用?干嘛不在家放一台时髦自制面包
25、吗?好不好用?干嘛不在家放一台时髦自制面包吗?好不好用?干嘛不在家放一台时髦自制面包吗?好不好用?干嘛不在家放一台时髦的咖啡机就好了?的咖啡机就好了?的咖啡机就好了?的咖啡机就好了?一家营销研究公司建议:引进另一型面包机,不一家营销研究公司建议:引进另一型面包机,不一家营销研究公司建议:引进另一型面包机,不一家营销研究公司建议:引进另一型面包机,不但体积比先前的款式笨重,价格也要贵个但体积比先前的款式笨重,价格也要贵个但体积比先前的款式笨重,价格也要贵个但体积比先前的款式笨重,价格也要贵个50%50%50%50%。奚氏相亲六原则奚氏相亲六原则l你美,她丑,带她一起去;你美,她丑,带她一起去;你
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