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1、涉外商务合同的翻译涉外商务合同的翻译Week 7第一节第一节 合同及涉外商务合同的概念和结构特点合同及涉外商务合同的概念和结构特点合同及涉外商务合同的概念和结构特点合同及涉外商务合同的概念和结构特点1.1.合同的基本概念合同的基本概念 合同,也叫契约。合同,也叫契约。“契契”,即意思相投或相合;,即意思相投或相合;“约约”是使用语言或文字互订共守的条件。合同和契是使用语言或文字互订共守的条件。合同和契约的含义是一样的,意思是愿意订立共同遵守的约的含义是一样的,意思是愿意订立共同遵守的条件,合作共事。中华人民共和国民法通则条件,合作共事。中华人民共和国民法通则第第8585条规定:条规定:“合同当
2、事人之间设立、变更、终止合同当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协定民事关系的协定”(A contract shall be an agreement”(A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish,change or terminate their whereby the parties establish,change or terminate their civil relationship)civil relationship)。中华人民共和国合同法第2条规定:“合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设
3、立、变更、终止民事权利义务的协议”(Contracts referred to in this Law are agreements between equal natural persons,legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of establishing,altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations)。2.涉外商务合同的结构特点 涉外商务合同虽然种类繁多,标的各异,但究其结构而言,一般有三个部分:前言、正文、结尾。商务合同的种类n n正式合同
4、 Contractn n协议书 Agreementn n确认书 Confirmationn n备忘录 Memorandumn n意向书 Letter of intent 正式合同的类型是指合同是属于国际货物销售合同(Contract for international sale of goods)、专有技术许可郑合同(license/know-how contract)、成套设备技术引进合同(Contract for introduction of complete plant and technology)或是其他合同(other contracts)。商务合同的构成部分 合同名称 Titl
5、e 2.1合同的前言(前文)Preamble 1)Date of signing 2)Signing parties 3)Each partys authority(当事人的合法依据)4)Place of signing 5)Recitals or WHEREAS clause(定约缘由)涉外商务合同的前言部分,主要包括两方面的内容:其一,主要载明合同当事人的名称或者姓名、国籍、主营业务或者住所(the corporate or personal names of the parties to the contract and their nationalities,principal pla
6、ces of business or residential addresses);其二,合同签订的日期、地点(the date and place of signing of the contract)。以上两项主要解决以下法律问题:合同的主体是以上两项主要解决以下法律问题:合同的主体是谁;订约人是否具有合法主体资格,合同及合同谁;订约人是否具有合法主体资格,合同及合同争议应适用的法律;合同履行的地点;合同生效、争议应适用的法律;合同履行的地点;合同生效、终止、履行日期及争议时的司法管辖权等。例如:终止、履行日期及争议时的司法管辖权等。例如:This contract is made thi
7、s 29th day of March,2010 This contract is made this 29th day of March,2010 in Shanghai,China by and between ABC Corporation,in Shanghai,China by and between ABC Corporation,China(hereinafter referred to as“Seller”),a _ China(hereinafter referred to as“Seller”),a _ Corporation having their principal
8、office in Shanghai,Corporation having their principal office in Shanghai,China,who agrees to sell,and XYZ Corporation China,who agrees to sell,and XYZ Corporation(hereinafter referred to as“Buyer”),a _(hereinafter referred to as“Buyer”),a _ Corporation having their principal office in New York,Corpo
9、ration having their principal office in New York,N.Y.,USA,who agrees to buy the following goods on N.Y.,USA,who agrees to buy the following goods on the terms and conditions as below:the terms and conditions as below:本合同由中国ABC公司_总公司设于中国上海(以下简称卖方)与美国XYZ公司,_总公司设于美国纽约州纽约市(以下简称买方)与2010年3月29日订立与中国上海,双方同意
10、按下述条件买卖下列货物:再如:Contract Number:JH Zi,No.0081 合同号码:(经合字)第0081号 Date of Execution of Contract:March 29,2010 签约日期:2010年3月29日 Place of Execution of Contract:Shanghai,China.签约地点:中国上海Seller:ABC Corporation,China Seller:ABC Corporation,China 卖方:中国卖方:中国ABCABC公司公司Address:No_,_ St.,Shanghai,China Address:No_,
11、_ St.,Shanghai,China 地址:中国上海地址:中国上海_街街_号号Country of Corporation:Peoples Republic of China Country of Corporation:Peoples Republic of China 公司属国:公司属国:中华人民共和国中华人民共和国Telex:Telex:电传电传Fax:Fax:传真传真Postcode:Postcode:邮编邮编E-mail:E-mail:电子信箱电子信箱2.2合同的正文 Body 涉外商务合同的正文部分是合同的实质性条款,通常由以下内容组成:2.2.1合同标的的种类、范围 合同标的
12、是指合同当事人各方权利、义务所指向的对象,没有标的或标的不明确的合同是无法履行的。2.2.2合同标的的技术条件、质量、标准、规格、数量 合同标的的数量和质量,是确定合同标的特征的最重要的条件。涉外合同要有明确、具体的数量和质量要求。标的的技术条件、标准和规格成了合同的品质。涉外合同中表示标的的品质方法多种多样,可以由当事人协商确定。2.2.3合同履行的期限、地点和方式 履行期限主要指履行合同义务的时间界限,这是确定合同是否按时履行或延迟履行的标准。履行地点是指约定履行义务的地方。涉外商务合同的履行地点往往涉及到不同国家或地区,直接关系到当事人各方所应承担的风险责任和费用。关于履行方式,是指完成
13、合同约定义务的方式方法,货物支付是一次性履行还是分期分批履行。2.2.42.2.4合同价格条件、支付金额、支付方式和各种附合同价格条件、支付金额、支付方式和各种附加的费用加的费用 这项内容实际上由两部分组成,即价格条款和这项内容实际上由两部分组成,即价格条款和支付条款。价格条款支付条款。价格条款(price terms)(price terms)往往涉及许多复往往涉及许多复杂的内容。有时,它不仅是介个问题,而且涉及杂的内容。有时,它不仅是介个问题,而且涉及合同各方应承担的责任、风险和费用等问题。如合同各方应承担的责任、风险和费用等问题。如国际货物销售合同中常用的两个价格术语:国际货物销售合同中
14、常用的两个价格术语:FOBFOB和和CIFCIF,当事人选择不同的价格术语,其承担的责,当事人选择不同的价格术语,其承担的责任是截然不同的。因此,价格条款往往是双方当任是截然不同的。因此,价格条款往往是双方当事人商谈的重点。支付条款事人商谈的重点。支付条款(terms of payment)(terms of payment)也是也是涉外合同中较敏感的条款,它不仅涉及到不同国涉外合同中较敏感的条款,它不仅涉及到不同国家的货币、外汇制度,还涉及到结算方式等一系家的货币、外汇制度,还涉及到结算方式等一系列复杂的问题。列复杂的问题。2.2.52.2.5合同能否转让和合同转让的条件合同能否转让和合同转
15、让的条件 合同转让实际上是一种特殊的合同变更,即合合同转让实际上是一种特殊的合同变更,即合同条款一方讲合同中的权利或义务的全部或部分同条款一方讲合同中的权利或义务的全部或部分转让给合同另一方或合同以外第三方,是主体的转让给合同另一方或合同以外第三方,是主体的变更。例如:变更。例如:“合营一方如向第三方转让其全部或合营一方如向第三方转让其全部或部分出资额,须经合营他方同意,并经审批机构部分出资额,须经合营他方同意,并经审批机构批准。合营一方转让其全部或部分出资额时,合批准。合营一方转让其全部或部分出资额时,合营他方有优先购买权。合营一方向第三方转让出营他方有优先购买权。合营一方向第三方转让出资额
16、的条件,不得比向合营他方转让的条件优惠。资额的条件,不得比向合营他方转让的条件优惠。违反上述规定的,其转让无效违反上述规定的,其转让无效”(If one party of the Joint Venture intends to assign (If one party of the Joint Venture intends to assign all or part of its investment subscribed to a third party,all or part of its investment subscribed to a third party,consent s
17、hall be obtained from the other party of the consent shall be obtained from the other party of the Joint Venture and an approval from the examining and Joint Venture and an approval from the examining and approving authorities is required.When one party approving authorities is required.When one par
18、ty assigns all or part of its investment subscribed to a third assigns all or part of its investment subscribed to a third party,the other party has pre-emptive right.When one party,the other party has pre-emptive right.When one party assigns its investment subscribed to a third party,party assigns
19、its investment subscribed to a third party,the terms of assignment shall not be more favorable the terms of assignment shall not be more favorable than those to the other party of the Joint Venture.No than those to the other party of the Joint Venture.No assignment shall be effective should there be
20、 any assignment shall be effective should there be any violation of the above stipulations)violation of the above stipulations)。2.2.6违反合同的赔偿和其他责任 违反涉外合同的责任是指涉外合同的当事人不履行合同、不完全履行合同、不符合双方在合同中约定的条件时,以有关法律的规定或合同的约定应当承担的赔偿责任或其他经济责任。在涉外合同中明确约定违反涉外合同应承担的经济责任,对于保证合同的履行,促使合同当事人全面履行合同中约定的义务有着重要意义。至于当事人,若一方违反涉外
21、合同应承担的责任和承担责任的方式,当事人可以在合同中约定违约金(penalty),也可以约定赔偿损失(compensation for losses),也可以约定支付利息(payment of interest),终止履行合同(suspension of the contract performance)或解除合同(cancellation of the contract)。2.2.7合同发生争议时的解决办法 中华人民共和国合同法第128条规定:“当事人可以通过和解或者调解解决合同争议。涉外合同的当事人可以根据仲裁协议向中国仲裁机构或者其他仲裁机构申请仲裁。当事人没有订立仲裁协议或者仲裁协议无
22、效时,可以向人民法院起诉。”(The parties may settle their disputes through (The parties may settle their disputes through conciliation or mediation.The parties to a contract conciliation or mediation.The parties to a contract involving foreign interests may,in accordance with an involving foreign interests may,in
23、 accordance with an arbitration agreement,apply to a Chinese arbitration arbitration agreement,apply to a Chinese arbitration organization or other arbitration organizations for organization or other arbitration organizations for arbitration.If the parties have not concluded an arbitration.If the pa
24、rties have not concluded an arbitration agreement or if the arbitration agreement is arbitration agreement or if the arbitration agreement is invalid,they may file a suit with a peoples court)invalid,they may file a suit with a peoples court)根据以上规定,涉外合同发生争议时,其解决根据以上规定,涉外合同发生争议时,其解决的方法有四种,即:和解、调解、仲裁和
25、诉讼。的方法有四种,即:和解、调解、仲裁和诉讼。2.2.82.2.8明确风险责任,约定保险范围明确风险责任,约定保险范围 涉外商务合同的履行,大多数是长线,路途远,涉外商务合同的履行,大多数是长线,路途远,可能受到多种因素的干扰,产生各种不测的事件,可能受到多种因素的干扰,产生各种不测的事件,如洪水、火灾、盗窃、海难、经营不善等。这类如洪水、火灾、盗窃、海难、经营不善等。这类风险一旦发生,可能造成损失,从而产生承担风风险一旦发生,可能造成损失,从而产生承担风险损失的责任问题。因此,明确风险责任,避免险损失的责任问题。因此,明确风险责任,避免引致不必要的争议,对于涉外商务合同的各方都引致不必要的
26、争议,对于涉外商务合同的各方都是十分重要的。风险往往是和保险联系在一起的,是十分重要的。风险往往是和保险联系在一起的,为了使风险造成的损失及时得到经济上的补偿,为了使风险造成的损失及时得到经济上的补偿,就需要办理保险。办理保险的实质是一旦发生风就需要办理保险。办理保险的实质是一旦发生风险责任,当事人可以将其转移给保险公司。因此,险责任,当事人可以将其转移给保险公司。因此,在正文中明确约定保险范围,对于确定当事人的在正文中明确约定保险范围,对于确定当事人的投保责任、避免引致不必要的争议,对于涉外商投保责任、避免引致不必要的争议,对于涉外商务经济合同的各方都是十分重要的。务经济合同的各方都是十分重
27、要的。2.2.9合同的有效期限,以及可以延长合同期限和提前终止合同的条件 对于需要较长期间连续履行的合同(a contract which needs to be performed continuously over a long period),当事人可以约定合同的有效期限,并可以约定有效期限届满时,延长合同期限的条件或提前终止合同有效期的条件。需要较长期间连续履行的合同,主要指合资经营企业合同(contracts for Sino-foreign joint ventures)、合资经营企业合同(contracts for Sino-foreign contractual joint v
28、entures)、成套设备技术引进合同(contracts for introduction of complete plant and technology)、国际承包工程合同(contracts for works of civil engineering construction)等。2.3 合同的结尾 Witness clause 合同的结尾,也称合同最后条款,写在合同的结尾部分。结尾条款主要应明确的内容有:合同使用的文字及其效力(languages in which the contract is to be written and its validity)。除了明确使用的文字及其
29、效力外,有时还应订立对合同进行修改或补充的内容。如果合同中订有附件,应在合同中另立一章列出附件的具体内容,并明确在合同的结尾部分规定附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。根据中华人民共和国合同法第32条规定:“当事人采用合同形式订立合同的,自双方当事人签字或者盖章时合同成立”(If the parties enter into a contract in written form,the contract shall go into effect when the parties sign or stamp it)。涉外商务合同的成立一般是以签字为成立要件而不是以盖章为成立要件的。所以,在合同的结尾
30、部分还应明确规定:合同在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。例如:n nThis Contract is made out in two originals,each copy This Contract is made out in two originals,each copy written in Chinese and English languages,both texts written in Chinese and English languages,both texts being equally valid.In case of any divergence of being equ
31、ally valid.In case of any divergence of interpretation,the Chinese text shall prevail.interpretation,the Chinese text shall prevail.n nThe annexes as listed in Articles 19 to this Contract The annexes as listed in Articles 19 to this Contract shall form an integral part of this Contract.shall form a
32、n integral part of this Contract.n nAny amendment and/or supplement to this Contract Any amendment and/or supplement to this Contract shall be valid only the authorized representatives of shall be valid only the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written document(s),forming both
33、parties have signed written document(s),forming integral part(s)of this Contract.integral part(s)of this Contract.n nThis Contract shall come into force after the signatures This Contract shall come into force after the signatures by the authorized representatives of both parties.by the authorized representatives of both parties.n n本合同正文一式两份,分别以中文和英文书写,两种文本具有同等效力。若对其解释产生异议,则以中文文本为准。n n本合同第19章列出的附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。n n本合同的任何修改/或补充,只有在双方授权的代表在书面文件上签字后才能生效,并成为本合同不可分割的组成部分。n n本合同将在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。
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