Lesson_12_Leadership_(领导力)hid.pptx
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1、Lesson 12 LEADERSHIP1 1Overviewn nIntroduction:What is leadership?Why study leadership?n nHistorical Developments of Leadership Approachesn nTraits ApproachesTraits Approachesn nBehavioural ApproachesBehavioural Approachesn nContingency ApproachesContingency Approachesn nTransformational ApproachesT
2、ransformational ApproachesPower:The leaders Source of InfluencePower:The leaders Source of Influencen nSummary and Conclusion2 2WHAT IS LEADERSHIP?n nLeadership is the ability to influence a group Leadership is the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals(Robbins).toward the achi
3、evement of goals(Robbins).n nLeading is the process of creating vision,Leading is the process of creating vision,inspiring commitment and directing human-inspiring commitment and directing human-resource efforts toward organisational resource efforts toward organisational objectives(Schmerhorn).obje
4、ctives(Schmerhorn).n nKey Words:Key Words:Influencing;Influencing;Organisational Organisational ObjectivesObjectives;Vision;Vision;InspirationInspiration;CommitmentCommitment3 3WHY STUDY LEADERSHIP?n nEmployees believe that organisational successes and failures are linked to leadership.(Robbins)n nL
5、eaders manage the management functions4 4Quotes on Leadershipn nLeaders,Leaders,in in special special way,way,are are liable liable for for what what happens happens in in the the future,future,rather rather than than what what is is happening day-to-day.happening day-to-day.(Max(Max De De Pree,Pree
6、,chairman chairman of of the the board board and and CEO CEO of Herman Miller,Inc.)of Herman Miller,Inc.)n nWith leadership,you either use it or lose it.With leadership,you either use it or lose it.(Lee laccoca,Chairman of the board of Chrysler(Lee laccoca,Chairman of the board of Chrysler Corp)cont
7、Corp)cont5 5Quotes on Leadershipn nIn any case,leadership is finally a collaborative In any case,leadership is finally a collaborative endeavour.endeavour.(Warren Bennis,author and leadership scholar)(Warren Bennis,author and leadership scholar)n nTo lead the people,walk behind themAs for To lead th
8、e people,walk behind themAs for the best leaders,the people do not notice their the best leaders,the people do not notice their existence.The next best,the people honour and existence.The next best,the people honour and praise.The next,people fear;and the next the praise.The next,people fear;and the
9、 next the people hateWhen the best leaders work is people hateWhen the best leaders work is done,the people say,“We did it ourselves!”done,the people say,“We did it ourselves!”(Lao-Tse,Chinese sage)cont.(Lao-Tse,Chinese sage)cont.6 6HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF LEADERSHIP APPROACHESn nTrait Approach(1
10、900-1946)n nBehavioural Approach(1948-1965)n nContingency Approach(1967-1975)n nNew Leadership Approachesn nTheory of Charismatic Leadership(House,1977)Theory of Charismatic Leadership(House,1977)n nTheory of Transformational Leadership(Burns,1978;Theory of Transformational Leadership(Burns,1978;Bas
11、s,1985)Bass,1985)7 7Traits Approachn nThe earliest efforts to understand leadership success focused on the leaders personal characteristics or traits.n nBased on the assumption that certain physical,social,and personal characteristics are inherent in leaders;n nArgues that presence or absence of the
12、se characteristics distinguishes leaders from non-leaders.n nPersonal factors that distinguish the leader,such as intelligence and appearance.Cont8 8Traits Approachn nPhysical characteristicsn nThis refers to the looks,appearance,grooming of This refers to the looks,appearance,grooming of the manage
13、rs.the managers.n nSocial characteristicsn nThese traits are related to the ability to be sociable,These traits are related to the ability to be sociable,communication skills and ability to get along with communication skills and ability to get along with others.others.n nPersonalityn nPersonality t
14、raits are associated with the Personality traits are associated with the individuals character.Effective leaders usually individuals character.Effective leaders usually exhibit an out-going,aggressive personality.exhibit an out-going,aggressive personality.ContCont9 9Traits Approachn nIntelligence c
15、haracteristicsn nThese characteristics refer to the ability of the These characteristics refer to the ability of the individual to use his mental abilities to assess individual to use his mental abilities to assess issues,make decisions and solve problems.issues,make decisions and solve problems.n n
16、Work related characteristicsn nSuch characteristics refer to the individuals Such characteristics refer to the individuals attitude towards work,such as whether he is attitude towards work,such as whether he is ambitious,achievement-oriented and sets high ambitious,achievement-oriented and sets high
17、 goals/targets to achieve.goals/targets to achieve.1010Criticism of Trait Modeln nDoes not assign weights to traitsn nDoes not consider followers or situationsn nDoes not tell you what traits are importantn nDoes not take into consideration low reliability and validity of tests1111BEHAVIOURAL APPROA
18、CHESqqFocuses on differences in actions of effective and ineffective leaders;qqBased on how they delegate tasks to subordinates;where and when they communicate to others;and how they perform their roles;qqUnlike traits,behaviors can be observed and learned.1212Leadership Styles n nOne of the better
19、known behavioral approaches was One of the better known behavioral approaches was made popular by Kurt Lewin he studied the made popular by Kurt Lewin he studied the following leadership styles-following leadership styles-n nAutocraticAutocraticn nDemocraticDemocraticn nLaissez-faireLaissez-fairen n
20、ParticipativeParticipative1313Autocraticn nLeaders tells employees what to doLeaders tells employees what to don nLeaders tend to make:Leaders tend to make:n nUnilateral decisionsUnilateral decisionsn nDictate work methodDictate work methodn nLimit worker knowledge about goals to justify the Limit w
21、orker knowledge about goals to justify the next step to be performednext step to be performedn nGive punitive feedbackGive punitive feedback1414Democraticn nLeader seeks majority rule from workersn nThey tend:n nTo involve the group in decision makingTo involve the group in decision makingn nTo let
22、group determine work methodsTo let group determine work methodsn nTo make overall goals knownTo make overall goals knownn nTo use feedback as an opportunity for helpful To use feedback as an opportunity for helpful coaching coaching 1515Laissez-fairen nLeader lets group members make all decisions n
23、nGive the group complete freedomn nProvide necessary materialsn nParticipate only to answer questionsn nAvoid giving feedbacksn nE.g.writers,painters,expert-specialist workers1616Participativen nLeader allows and expects worker participation n nLeaders tend to:n nInvolve Involve subordinates subordi
24、nates in in decision-making decision-making through through consultationconsultationn nAsking them for their opinionsAsking them for their opinionsn nShare information with subordinatesShare information with subordinates1717The University of Michigan StudiesqqClassified leaders behaviors as producti
25、on-centered or employee-centered;n nConcern for ProductionConcern for Production(task oriented or (task oriented or production centred)production centred)n nExtent to which the leader defines and structure the Extent to which the leader defines and structure the role of the subordinates,such as defi
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