英汉对比之形合与意合.pptx
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1、形合与意合形合与意合(Hypotactic vs.Paratactic)形合(形合(HypotacticHypotactic)句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives.(The American Heritage Dictionary)Example:I shall despair if you dont come.意合意合 (ParatacticParatactic)词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段
2、连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.(The World Book Dictionary)Example:大雨倾盆,河水泛滥,冲毁了很多民房。第1页/共18页英语的形合法英语的形合法 英语造句多用各种形式手段连接,注重显性接应(overt cohesion),重形式,重结构。相对汉语而言其连接手段和形式不仅数量大,种类多,而且使用频率极高。1.关系词和连接词 关系词:who,wh
3、om,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why etc.连接主从句。连接词:and,or,but,because,so,however,as well as,either or,as,since,until,unless,sothatetc.连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。第2页/共18页英语的形合法英语的形合法lAll was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copp
4、er ball fall.过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。lWhen I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect,it seems to me that there are two causes,of which one goes much deeper than the other.为什么如此众多的美国人不能如人们想像中的那般幸福呢?我在思考这个问题时认为原因有二,这两者之间
5、又有深浅之分。第3页/共18页英语的形合法英语的形合法2.介词 简单介词:with,to,above,over,in,of,about etc.合成介词:inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout etc.成语介词:according to/in accordance with,along with,because of,on behalf of etc.“A preposition may be defined as a connecting word showing the relation of a noun or substitute for
6、a noun to some other word in the sentence Prepositions appear constantly in English speech and writing.Over ninety percent of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions:with,to,from,at,in,of,by,for and on.”第4页/共18页英语的形合法英语的形合法The many colours of a rainbow range from red on the outside to vio
7、let on the inside.彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。Change of information,if any,concerning the contents of this section will be in the appendix at the end of this book.本节内容如有改变,均见书末附录。The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.现如今车辆横冲直撞,严重威胁着城市生活,路上行人无不提心吊胆。第5
8、页/共18页英语的形合法英语的形合法3.其他连接手段 形态变化形式:词缀变化,各种词性的形态变化(如数、格、时、体、语态等)以及保持前后一致的关系(grammatical and notional concord)代词He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day
9、.他吹嘘说,奴隶们只要一踏上英国的土地就能获得自由,而他自己却将穷人家六岁的孩子卖到工厂里做工,每天要干十六个小时,受尽鞭打责骂。第6页/共18页英语的形合法英语的形合法There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavour
10、of the coffee,the lightness of the cake,or the attractiveness of the house,which may be her interest and pride.最令女主人失望的是,她花了许多心神和费用来招待客人,可这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意,压根没有注意到咖啡有多香醇,蛋糕有多松软,房间的摆设又有多讲究,而这些却恰恰可能是女主人的兴趣与自豪所在。第7页/共18页汉语的意合法汉语的意合法 汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段,注重隐形连贯(covert coherence),重逻辑事理顺序,重功能,重意义,以神统形。“
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