材料科学与工程基础习题评讲.pptx
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1、第一次作业第一次作业英文 2.6 Allowed values for the quantum numbers of electrons are as follows:The relationships between n and the shell designations are noted in Table 2.1.Relative to the subshells,l 0 corresponds to an s subshelll 1 corresponds to a p subshelll 2 corresponds to a d subshelll 3 corresponds to
2、 an f subshellFor the K shell,the four quantum numbers for each of the two electrons in the 1s state,in the order of n l ml ms,are 100(1/2)and 100(-1/2).Write the four quantum numbers for all of the electrons in the L and M shells,and note which correspond to the s,p,and d subshells第1页/共59页K:s:100(1
3、/2);100(-1/2)L:s:200(1/2);200(-1/2)p:210(1/2);210(-1/2);21-1(1/2);21-1(-1/2);211(1/2);211(-1/2)M:s:300(1/2);300(-1/2)p:310(1/2);310(-1/2);31-1(1/2);31-1(-1/2);311(1/2);311(-1/2)d:320(1/2);320(-1/2);32-1(1/2);32-1(-1/2);321(1/2);321(-1/2);32-2(1/2);32-2(-1/2);322(1/2);322(-1/2)第2页/共59页2.7 Give the el
4、ectron configurations for the following ions:Fe2+,Fe3+,Cu+,Ba2+,Br-,and S2-.SOLUTION Fe2+:1s22s22p63s23p63d6 Fe3+:1s22s22p63s23p63d5 Cu+:1s22s22p63s23p63d10 Ba2+:1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6 Br-:1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6 S 2-:1s22s22p63s23p6 第3页/共59页2.17(a)Briefly cite the main differences be
5、tween ionic,covalent,and metallic bonding.(b)State the Pauli exclusion principle.SOLUTION(a)离子键:无方向性 球形正、负离子堆垛 取决 电荷数电荷平衡 体积(离子半径)金属键:无方向性 球形正离子较紧密堆垛 共价键:有方向性、饱和性,电子云最大重叠(b)原子中的每个电子不可能有完全相同的四个量子数(或运动状态)第4页/共59页2.19 Compute the percents ionic character of the interatomic bonds for the following compo
6、unds:TiO2,ZnTe,CsCl,InSb,and MgCl2.SOLUTION由公式:已知:TiO2,XTi=1.5 and XO=3.5 ZnTe,已知:XZn=1.6 and XTe=2.1,故,%IC=6.05%CsCl,已知:XCs=0.7 and XCl=3.0,故:%IC=73.4%InSb,已知:XIn=1.7 and XSb=1.9,故:%IC=1.0%MgCl2,已知:XMg=1.2 and XCl=3.0故:%IC=55.5%第5页/共59页2.24,On the basis of the hydrogen bond,explain the anomalous be
7、havior of water when it freezes.That is,why is there volume expansion upon solidification?水冻结时结晶,非球形的水分子规整排列水冻结时结晶,非球形的水分子规整排列时受氢键方向性和饱和性的更强限制,时受氢键方向性和饱和性的更强限制,不能更紧密地堆积,故密度变小,体积不能更紧密地堆积,故密度变小,体积增大。增大。第6页/共59页 2-7影响离子化合物和共价化合物配位数的因素有那些?离子化合物:体积 电荷共价化合物:价电子数 电子云最大重叠第7页/共59页第二次作业第二次作业2.18 Offer an expl
8、anation as to why covalently bonded materials are generally less dense than ionically or metallically bonded ones.共价键需按键长、键角要求堆垛,相对离子键和金属键较疏松 第8页/共59页2.21Using Table 2.2,determine the number of covalent bonds that are possible for atoms of the following elements:germanium,phosphorus,selenium,and chl
9、orine.SOLUTION Ge:4 P:3 Se:2 Cl:1第9页/共59页2-6按照杂化轨道理论,说明下列的键合形式:(1)CO2的分子键合 C sp 杂化(2)甲烷CH4的分子键合 C sp3杂化 (3)乙烯C2H4的分子键合 C sp2杂化 (4)水H2O的分子键合 O sp3杂化(5)苯环的分子键合C sp2杂化 (6)羰基中C、O间的原子键合 C sp2杂化 第10页/共59页2-10 当CN=6时,K+离子的半径为0.133nm(a)当CN=4时,对应负离子半径是多少?(b)当CN=8时,对应负离子半径是多少?若(按K+半径不变)求负离子半径,则:CN=6 R=r/0.414
10、=0.133/0.414=0.321 nm CN=4 R=r/0.225=0.133/0.225=0.591 nm CN=8 R=r+/0.732=0.133/0.732=0.182 nm第11页/共59页第三次作业第三次作业3.48 Draw an orthorhombic unit cell,and within that cell a 121 direction and a(210)plane.第12页/共59页3.50 Here are unit cells for two hypothetical metals:a.What are the indices for the direc
11、tions indicated by the two vectors in sketch(a)?b What are the indices for the two planes drawn in sketch(b)?第13页/共59页(a)direction 1,x y zProjections 0a b/2 cProjections in terms of a,b,and c 0 1/2 1Reduction to integers 0 1 2Enclosure 012direction 2,x y zProjections a/2 b/2 -cProjections in terms o
12、f a,b,and c 1/2 1/2 -1Reduction to integers 1 1 -2Enclosure 11 2 (b)Plane 1,:1/2:;0:2:0;(020)Plane 2,1/2:-1/2:1;2:-2:1;(2 2 1)第14页/共59页3.51*Within a cubic unit cell,sketch the following directions:a b第15页/共59页(c)0 1 2 (d)1 3 3(e)1 1 1 (f)1 2 2第16页/共59页(g)1 2 3 (h)1 0 3第17页/共59页3.53 Determine the ind
13、ices for the directions shown in the following cubic unit cell:Direction A:x y z -2/3a b/2 0c -2/3 1/2 0 -4 3 0 4 3 0第18页/共59页Direction A:Direction B:x y z x y z -2/3 a b/2 0c 2/3 a -b 2/3 c -2/3 1/2 0 2/3 -1 2/3 -4 3 0 2 -3 2 4 3 0 2 3 2第19页/共59页Direction C Direction D x y z x y z 1/3a -b -c a/6 b/
14、2 -c 1/3 -1 -1 1/6 1/2 -1 1 -3 -3 1 3 -6 1 3 3 1 3 6 第20页/共59页3.57 Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in the following unit cell:plane Ax y za/3 b/2 -c/21/3 1/2 -1/23/1 2/1 -2/1(3 2 2)plane B(1 0 1)第21页/共59页3.58 Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in the following unit c
15、ell:plane A 以(0,1,0)为新原点x y z2/3a -b c/22/3 -1 1/23/2 -1/1 2/13/2 -2/2 4/2(3 2 4)plane B (2 2 1)第22页/共59页3.61*Sketch within a cubic unit cell the following planes:a第23页/共59页3.61*Sketch within a cubic unit cell the following planes:ab c第24页/共59页 defgh第25页/共59页3.62 Sketch the atomic packing of(a)the(1
16、00)plane for the FCC crystal structure,and(b)the(111)plane for the BCC crystal structure(similar to Figures 3.24b and 3.25b).第26页/共59页(a)FCC:(100)plane (b)BCC:(111)plane第27页/共59页3.813.81The metal iridium has an FCC crystal structure.If the angle of diffraction for the(220)set of planes occurs at 69.
17、22(first-order reflection)when monochromatic x-radiation having a wavelength of 0.1542 nm is used,compute(a)the interplanar spacing for this set of planes,and(b)the atomic radius for an iridium atom.SOLUTION:已知:铱FCC的(220)晶面,2=69.22;=0.1542 nm;n=1 n 由公式:n=2d sin 和 dhkl =a/()n故 解:(a)d220=0.1542/(2sin3
18、4.61)=0.1357(nm)n(b)a=d220 =2 d220;n 又 FCC的 2R=a/=2d220n R=d220=0.1357(nm)n即:其(220)晶面间距为0.1357nm;铱原子半径也为0.1357nm。第28页/共59页2-142-14计算(计算(a a)面心立方金属的原子致密度;()面心立方金属的原子致密度;(b b)面心立方化合物)面心立方化合物NaClNaCl的离子致密度(离子半的离子致密度(离子半径径r(Na+)=0.097r(Na+)=0.097,r(Cl-)=0.181r(Cl-)=0.181);();(C C)由计)由计算结果,可以引出什么结论?算结果,可
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