全球视角宏观经济学课件glnt.pptx
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1、Macroeconomics In The Global EconomyWei wei Shool of Economics and FinanceJiaotong UniversityChapter 1 IntroductionlThe approach of MacroeconomicslSome of the key questions addressed by macroeconomicslMacroeconomics in historical perspectivelProviding a broader framework for macroeconomic analysisTh
2、e approach of Macroeconomics lWhat is macroeconomics?Macroeconomics is the study of aggregate behavior in an economy.While the economic life of a country depends on millions of individual actions taken by business firms,consumers,workers,and government officials,macroeconomics focuses on the overall
3、 consequences of these individual actions.For example,prices-price index.lThe approach of MacroeconomicslThe basic approach of Macroeconomics is to look at the overall trends in the economy.lSpecial summary measures of economic activity-GNP,the saving rate,or the consumer price index-give the“big pi
4、cture”of changes and trends.lThese overall macroeconomic measures provide the basic equipment that allows macroeconomists to focus on the dominant changes in the economy.l How do economists do their job?l First,try to understand on a theoretical level the decision processes of individual firms and h
5、ouseholds.lSecond,try to explain the overall behavior of the economy by aggregating,or adding up,all the decisions of the individual households and firms in the economy.lThird,giving empirical content to theory by collecting and analyzing actual macroeconomic data.Some of the key questions addressed
6、 by macroeconomicslThe most important single measure of production in the economy is the GNP.l Economic growth and business cycleslUnemployment is a second key variable that macroeconomics investigates.lA third key variable that interests macroeconomists is the inflation rate.lThe fourth major varia
7、ble that macroeconomists look at is the trade balance.Macroeconomics in historical perspectivelThe creation of macroeconomics Economic statisticians began to collect and systematize aggregate data which provided the scientific basis for macroeconomic investigations.The careful identification of busi
8、ness cycle as a recurrent economic phenomenon.The Great Depression A new theoretical framework to explain the Great Depression proposed by Keynes.lThe development of macroeconomicsl Keynesian and neo-Keynesianl Main ideal Keyness policy recommendation is the major tool of promoting economic growth.l
9、 Non-Keynesianl In fact,to many economists,it began to appear that stabilization policies were actually a major source of renewed instability.l A“counterrevolution”began.l Monetarism and its central idea.l New classical macroeconomics:Lucas and Barro.l Advocates of the real business-cycle theory.Pro
10、viding a broader framework for macroeconomic analysislThe general theory is limited to short-term economic fluctuations and stabilization policies.lOur analysis is pushed further by providing an especially broad view of macroeconomics.l Beside the attention on short-term economic fluctuations and st
11、abilization policies,we focus more a t t e n t i o n o n o t h e r c e n t r a l c o n c e r n s o f macroeconomics,such as the determination of economic growth rate,or balance of payment,etc.l Considerable attention has been given to the differences in economic institutions in different countries i
12、n order that we discover a more general macroeconomic theory.Chapter 2 Basic Concepts in MacroeconomicslLooking at different measures of aggregate income and outcome and their interrelationship.lThe process of aggregating across many different goods and services requires some common unit of measure:
13、the role of price and price indexes.lA subject that permeates much of discussion in macroeconomics:Flows and Stocks lTwo factors that influence the Intertemporal decisions of economic agents:Interest Rates and Present Value.lAnother factor that is vital in understanding decision making across time p
14、eriods:expectations GDP and GNPlWhat are GDP and GNP?lHow to calculate them?l interrelationship of theml GNP=GDPNFPlGNP per capita and economic well-being Real Versus Nominal VariableslThe construction of price indexesl Consumer price index or consumer price deflatorl Pct=w1(P1tP10)+w2(P2t P20)+WN(P
15、Nt PN0)l Ct=nominal consumption expenditure Pctl =Pct Ct Pctl Deflator for investment spending(PI),government spending(PG),exports(PX),and imports(Pm)lReal GDPlTo calculate real production,we think of the GDP of the economy as equal to the product of“average”price level in the economy,multiplied by
16、the level of real production in the economy.l GDP=PQlHow to calculate Q?l We start with the definition of Nominal GDP as the sum of final expenditures throughout the economy.l Then,we use the price indexes for consumption,investment,government spending,exports and imports to calculate a time series
17、of real expenditures for each of these categories.l Finally,we can get Q by adding up the sum of final expenditures of these categories.lHow can we get P?l Once getting real GDP,Q,then we can compute the GDP price deflator P using the formula as follow:l P=GDPQlGenerally,we get Real GDP by using the
18、 formula as follow:l Q=GDP PFlows and Stocks in MacroeconomylA flow is an economic magnitude measured as a rate per unit of time.lA stock is an economic magnitude measured at a point of time.lInvestment and the capital stocklSaving and wealthlThe current account and net international investment posi
19、tionlDeficit and the stock of public debtSome Intertemporal Aspects of Macroeconomics:Interest Rates and Present ValueslMany key macroeconomics issues involve choices that not only take place in time but that involve decisions about timing.We call the choices involve later as intertemporal choice.lT
20、wo crucial elements in the analysis of intertemporal decisionsl Interest rates and net present valueslUsing interest rates,we can translate a given time path of money in the future into a present value today.an economic magnitude measured The Role of ExpectationlAt the time that economic agents make
21、 intertemporal choices,they are generally uncertain about the future,so they have to formulate some expectations about the future.lHow do economic agents actually formulate their expectations?lStatic expectationsl Next year is going to be like this year.lAdaptive expectationsl Individuals update the
22、ir expectations about future depending on the extent to which their expectations about present period turned out to be wrong.lRational expectationl Individuals make efficient use of all available information.l What economic model the individuals is using and just what economic information he or she
23、has at hand.Chapter 3 Output Determination:Introducing Aggregate Supply and Aggregate DemandlMacroeconomics as the study of economic fluctuationslThe Determination of aggregate supplylThe classical approach to aggregate supplylThe Keynesian approach to aggregate supplylThe determination of aggregate
24、 demandlEquilibrium of aggregate supply and aggregate demandlAggregate supply and demand in the short run and the long runMacroeconomics as the study of economic fluctuationslEconomic fluctuations have been a central concern of macroeconomicslEconomic fluctuations:output and employment fluctuations
25、lUnemployment ratelPotential output,current output and output gapl When employment fluctuates,so does output,since output is produced using labor inputs.Just as we measure the extent to which employment falls short of the full-employment level,we also can measure the extent to which output falls sho
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