语法-定语从句课件.ppt

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1、定语从句定语从句复习复习 定语从句定语从句 定语从句（定语从句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which,as等。等。关系副词有：关系副词有：when,where,why等。等。先行词是先行词是物物先行词是先行词是人人定语定语 地点地点状语状语时间时间状语状语

2、主主宾宾主主宾宾关系关系代词代词which thatwhowhomwhose关系关系副词副词wherewhen注：注：1.介词提前时一般只用介词提前时一般只用which和和whom。2.whose+名词名词=the+名词名词+of which/of whom关系词的种类关系词的种类关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词起着起着代词和连词代词和连词的作用，在从的作用，在从句中充当句中充当主语，宾语或定语主语，宾语或定语起着起着副词或介词短语和连词副词或介词短语和连词的作的作用，用，在从句中充当在从句中充当状语状语The man(who is standing there)is my brother.关

3、系词的作用：关系词的作用：代替前面的先行词在从句中充当一定代替前面的先行词在从句中充当一定的成分的成分 把两个句子连起来构成一个复合句把两个句子连起来构成一个复合句关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句 两个简单句：两个简单句：A man is standing there.The man is my brother.=主从复合句：主从复合句：The man who is standing there is my brother.先行词先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词被定语从句所修饰的词先行词一般是名词或代词先行词一般是名词或代词关系代词关系代词：引导定语从句的词：引导定语从句的词I hav

4、e a sister.+She works in Shanghai.=I have a sister _ works in Shanghai.Translate:他想要见的人在上海他想要见的人在上海。He wants to see the man.+The man is in Shanghai.=The man _ he wants to see is in Shanghai.Have you found the pen?+You lost it yesterday.=Have you found the pen _ you lost yesterday?who/thatwho/whom/th

5、at(that/which)Do you know the girl?+Her mother works here.=Do you know the girl _ mother works here?I live in a room.+its window faces south.=I live in a room _ window faces south.whosewhose=I live in a room the window of which faces south.of which the windowThis is the house.+I was born in the hous

6、e.（介词短语介词短语）=I was born there（副词副词).=This is the house_ I was born.=_ which注意区别：注意区别：This is the house _ I was born in.(which/that)wherein关系副词和介词关系副词和介词+which引导的定语从句引导的定语从句We will never forget the day.+we will hold the Olympic Games on that day.=We will never forget the day _ we will hold the Olympi

7、c Games._ which注意区别：注意区别：I will never forget the day _ I spent with you last year.(which/that)I dont know the reason why he left here.=for whichwhenon注意注意：1.Thank you for the book that you gave it to me yesterday.在定语从句中，关系代词已代替了前面的先行词，在定语从句中，关系代词已代替了前面的先行词，所以在从句中不能在重复了。所以在从句中不能在重复了。what 不能用于定语从句中不能用

8、于定语从句中2.Tell me anything what you know.Tell me what you know.thattell sb.sth,3.在在介词介词 whom/which 结构中，介词的选择结构中，介词的选择I will never forget the day _ which I reached the Great Wall.Tell me the time _ which the train leaves.This is the hero _ whom we are proud.In the dark street,there wasnt a single perso

9、n _ she could turn for help.A.to that B.who C.from whom D.to whom根据先行词来判断根据先行词来判断根据从句中谓语动词的固定搭配来判根据从句中谓语动词的固定搭配来判断onatofbe proud of;turn to sb.for help4.（名词、代词、数词、最高级）（名词、代词、数词、最高级）of whom/which 结构中，结构中，表所属关系，表所属关系，”当中的当中的”China has hundreds of islands,the largest of that is Taiwan.whichThere 54 stu

10、dents in our class,most of them are boys.whom5.在非限制定语从句中，需注意以下几点：在非限制定语从句中，需注意以下几点：that 不能用来引导非限制性定语从句不能用来引导非限制性定语从句 why 不能用来引导非限制性定语从句，应用不能用来引导非限制性定语从句，应用for whiche.g.I have told them the reason,for which I didnt attend the meeting.在非限制性的定语从句中，指人的关系代词作宾语时，在非限制性的定语从句中，指人的关系代词作宾语时，只能用只能用whom，不能用，不能用w

11、ho替换，也不能省略替换，也不能省略His wife,_ you met at my home,was a teacher.A.whom B.who C.that D.whose引导定语从句的关系代词引导定语从句的关系代词 that which who whom whose that即指人又指物，作主语或宾语。即指人又指物，作主语或宾语。which指物，作主语或宾语。指物，作主语或宾语。who,whom指人指人,who作主语作主语,whom作宾语。作宾语。that,which,whom在定语从句中作宾语时，在定语从句中作宾语时，可省去。可省去。1.that在从句中作主语或宾语，指人和物在从句中

12、作主语或宾语，指人和物 1)A plane is a machine that can fly.主语主语2)The noodles that I saw were delicious.宾语宾语3)Lets ask the man that is reading the book over there.主语主语4)The girl that we saw yesterday is Jims sister.宾语）宾语）2.Which 在从句中作主语或宾语，指物在从句中作主语或宾语，指物1)They planted the trees which didnt need much water.(主语主

13、语)2)The fish which we bought were not fresh.（宾语）（宾语）3.who whom 在从句中分别作主语和宾在从句中分别作主语和宾语语(口语中口语中whowho也可作宾语也可作宾语)1)The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.（主语）（主语）2)The boy who broke the window is called Michael.（主语）（主语）4)Mr.Read is the professor to whom you should write.（宾语）（宾语）

14、3)The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Li.（宾语）（宾语）在以疑问词在以疑问词who开头的句子中开头的句子中,或关系代词在或关系代词在从句中作表语时从句中作表语时,用用that,不用不用who。Who is the man that is shouting there?She is not the girl that she used to be.NOTE3)This is the book whose cover is blue.4.whose 在从句中作定语，指人或物在从句中作定语，指人或物1)Miss Flower is the teac

15、her whose house caught fire last week.2)This is the boy whose composition the teacher talked of.关系代词关系代词which，whom 在定语从句中作介词的宾在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，从句常有语时，从句常有“介词介词+which（或（或whom）”引出。引出。Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live.This is the old man from whom weve learnt a lot.(1)如果先行词是如果先

16、行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词，关系等不定代词，关系代词一般只用代词一般只用that，不用，不用which。例如：。例如：Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears.(2)先行词有两个，既有人也有物，要用先行词有两个，既有人也有物，要用that。Weweretalkingaboutthepersonsandthingsthatwerememberedinourschool.关系代词关系代词that 和和which的区别的区别 1.1.宜用宜用thattha

17、t引导的定语从句引导的定语从句(3)如果先行词被形容词最高级以及如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰，关系代等词修饰，关系代词常用词常用that,不用不用which,who，或，或whom。例如：。例如：ThisisthemostimpressiveTVtheaterthathasneverbeenputonshowbefore.这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。Thatistheonlywaythatleadstoyoursuccess.那是通向你成功的唯一之路。那

18、是通向你成功的唯一之路。Wehavetoconsiderthefirstthingthatstartsourwork.我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。2.2.宜用宜用whichwhich引导的定语从句引导的定语从句当定语从句的介词提前时，要用当定语从句的介词提前时，要用which。The house in which they lived last yearhas been rebuilt.引导非限制性定语从句时，要用引导非限制性定语从句时，要用which。He bought a railway ticket for the woman,which

19、helped her a lot.as,which非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句由由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，引导的非限定性定语从句，as和和which可可代整个主句，相当于代整个主句，相当于andthis或或andthat。As一般放在一般放在句首，句首，which在句中。在句中。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,_cameasasurprise.A.itB.thatC.w

20、hichD.heItrainedhardyesterday,_preventedmefromgoingtothepark.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it(3)当先行词受当先行词受such,thesame，as,so修饰时，常用修饰时，常用asIhaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.注意：注意：当先行词由当先行词由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语引导定语从句，但是和由从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同

21、。所引导的定语从句意思不同。SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding.她穿着她在她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。as和和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1

22、)as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有有“正如正如，正像，正像”的意思的意思(2）as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是句中的谓语必须是系动词系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用关系代词只能用which。As is known to all,.关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分

23、，先行关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where地点状语，地点状语，when时间状语，时间状语，why原原因状语因状语)。准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定主、谓、宾、定、状、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系副词。1.Isthisthemuseum_youvisitedafewdaysage?A

24、.whereB.that2.C.onwhichD.theone2.Isthisthemuseum_theexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.that1.C.onwhichD.theone判断改错判断改错1.ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.2.IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.3.Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.4.Illneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinth

25、ecountryside.FFTT区分定语从句和同位语从句区分定语从句和同位语从句1定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系(1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.定语从句定语从句(2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.同位语从句同位语从句2定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；句中充当成分，有时可以省略；

26、同位语从句主要由同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导，充当成分等词引导，充当成分(1)Thenewshetoldmeistrue.(2)Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.(3)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.定语定语(4)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.3.同位语从句和先行词一

27、般可以用同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以(1)Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.(2)Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.(3)Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall.(4)Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词有时代替修饰的不是前面在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词有

28、时代替修饰的不是前面 的名词或代词，而是前面的整一句话。这种关系代词只有的名词或代词，而是前面的整一句话。这种关系代词只有 两个两个:which,asAlice received an invitation from her boss,_ came as a surprise.A.it B.that C.which D.he_ is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress.A.It B.As C.That D.What区别：区别：a.which 只能放在句只能放在句中中，而而a

29、s 从句则还可以放在句首或句中。从句则还可以放在句首或句中。b.从意义上讲，从意义上讲，which 意为意为“这一点这一点,而而as 却可表示却可表示”正如那样正如那样“，有些有些as从句已成了固定句型从句已成了固定句型,如：如：as we all know,as is known to all,as you say,as I can see,as is reported,as you may have heard Exercises1.Look at the lady _ name is Pochi.A.who B.whose C.whom D.that2.Those pictures _

30、were drawn by Tom are nice.A.who B.whose C.whom D.which3.The girl _ could sing well went to Europe.A.who B.whose C.whom D.whom限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句是句限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间分，主句和从句之间不用逗号不用逗号隔开隔开非限定性定语从句是对非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不影响主没有这种从句不影响主句意思完整句意思完整.一般一

31、般用逗号用逗号把主句和从句分开把主句和从句分开引导词：引导词：who,whom,whose,which,of which,when,where等，等，不用不用that,不能省略不能省略引导词：引导词：关系代词和关系副词，关系代词和关系副词，作作宾语宾语时一些关系代时一些关系代词词可以省略可以省略一、一、1.I was the only person in my office who was invited.我是我们办公室唯一被邀请的人我是我们办公室唯一被邀请的人。试比较：试比较：2.His dog,which was now very old,became ill and died.他的狗当时

32、很老了他的狗当时很老了,生病后就死了。生病后就死了。3.Yesterday I met Li Lei,who seemed to be very busy.昨天我碰上李雷了昨天我碰上李雷了,他好象很忙。他好象很忙。(如果把从句部分去掉如果把从句部分去掉,整个句子的含义就变了整个句子的含义就变了),限定性定语从句限定性定语从句(去掉从句去掉从句,主句的意义仍然完整主句的意义仍然完整:他的狗生病死他的狗生病死了。了。)非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句(去掉从句去掉从句,意义仍然完整意义仍然完整:昨天我碰上李雷了。昨天我碰上李雷了。)非限定性定非限定性定语从句语从句二二.非限制性定语从句中的一些问题

33、：非限制性定语从句中的一些问题：a.非限制性定语从句中非限制性定语从句中,指物时指物时,用用which而不用而不用that。1)Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.2)All the books there,which have beautiful pictures in them,were written by him.b.指人时主格用指人时主格用who,宾格用宾格用whom,物主格用物主格用whose(也可指物也可指物)。1)Miss Howe,whom you met in the

34、library,is our new teacher.2)The Arabs,who are famous for their horses and camels,use these animals for work and in sports.3)Li Ming,whose mother has been ill for two days,is absent from school today.c.另外关系副词另外关系副词when(指时间指时间),where(指地点指地点)也可以引也可以引导非限制性定语从句导非限制性定语从句(注意关系副词注意关系副词why不能引导非限制不能引导非限制性定语从

35、句性定语从句)。1)He lives in the city,where there is a high tower.2)The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949,when he was born.d.介词加关系代词也可以引导非限定性定语从句。介词加关系代词也可以引导非限定性定语从句。1)Wu Dong,with whom I went to see the film,enjoyed it very much.2)Her bag,in which she put all her books,has not been found.3)Th

36、e story about the Long March,of which this is an example,are well written.1.Alice received an invitation from her boss,_came as a surprise.A.it B.that C.whichD.he 此为非限定性从句此为非限定性从句,不能用不能用 that修饰修饰,而用而用which.it 和和he 都使后句成为句子都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选且选he句意不通。句意不通。CExercises 2.The we

37、ather turned out to be very good,_was more than we could expect.A.what B.which C.that D.it which可代替句子可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句用于非限定性定语从句,而而what不可。不可。that 不能用于非限定性定语从句不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不不为连词为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。语法上行不通。B3.It rained hard yesterday,_ prevented me from going to the park.A.t

38、hat B.which C.as D.it 4.She is a teacher of much knowledge,_ much can be learned.A.who B.that C.from which D.from whomBD5.China has many rivers,_the Changjiang River is the longest.A.which B.in which C.among which D.one of whichC6.A.Pisa is a city,_ has a leaning tower.B.Pisa is a city,_there is a l

39、eaning tower.A.which B.that C.where D.thereAC7.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,_,of course,made the others unhappy.A.Who B.which C.this D.what 8.Do you know the reason _ he was late?A.that B.which C.for what D.for whichBD9.I have bought two ball pens,_ writes well.A.none o

40、f which B.neither of which C.none of them D.neither of themB10.The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.A.for which B.at which C.in which D.on which C2008 全国高考真题回顾（福建卷）（福建卷）31.By nine oclock,all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma,

41、_ appeared a rare rainbow soon.A.of which B.on which C.from which D.above which湖南卷）湖南卷）31.The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors,_ are beyond our control.A.most of them B.most of which C.most of what D.most of thatDB2008 全国高考真题回顾（江苏卷）（江苏卷）24.The Science Museum,_ we visited

42、 during a recent trip to Britain,is one of Londons tourist attractions.A.whichB.what C.thatD.where(全国全国II)16.The road conditions there turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expect.A.it B.what C.which D.thatAC2008 全国高考真题回顾（陕西卷）（陕西卷）13.The man pulled out a gold watch,_ were made of small

43、 diamonds.A.the hands of whom B.whom the hands ofC.which the hands of D.the hands of which(四川卷四川卷)4.For many cities in the world,there is no room to spread out further,_ New York is an example.A.for which B.in which C.of which D.from whichDC2008 全国高考真题回顾（浙江卷）（浙江卷）8.Yesterday she sold her car,_ she b

44、ought a month ago.A.whom B.where C.that D.which（北京卷）（北京卷）28.Ill give you your friends home address,I can be reached most evenings.A.which B.when C.whom D.whereDD2008 全国高考真题回顾（重庆卷）（重庆卷）21.They will fly to Washington,_ they plan to stay for two or three days.A.where B.there C.which D.when(上海卷上海卷)38.We went through a period _ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.A.whichB.whoseC.in whichD.with whichAC