[精选]Chap3相互依存性与贸易的好处]6059.pptx

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1、相互依存性和贸易的好处相互依存性和贸易的好处Interdependence and Interdependence and the Gains from Tradethe Gains from Trade第二讲Class 2相互依存性和贸易相互依存性和贸易Interdependence and TradeInterdependence and Trade想一想你日常生活中某一天：想一想你日常生活中某一天：Consider your Consider your typical day:typical day:uu温州制造的闹钟把你吵醒。温州制造的闹钟把你吵醒。You wake You wake

2、up to an alarm clock made in Wenzhou.up to an alarm clock made in Wenzhou.uu给自己倒上一杯用江西的桔子制作的橙汁给自己倒上一杯用江西的桔子制作的橙汁 You pour You pour yourself some orange juice made from yourself some orange juice made from oranges grown in oranges grown in Jiangxi.Jiangxi.uu你穿上用新疆的棉花制造、在广东工厂缝纫而成的衣服你穿上用新疆的棉花制造、在广东工厂缝纫

3、而成的衣服You put on You put on some clothes made of cotton grown in some clothes made of cotton grown in Xinjiang and sewn in Xinjiang and sewn in factories in Guangdong.factories in Guangdong.2相互依存性和贸易相互依存性和贸易Interdependence and TradeInterdependence and Trade经济学是研究社会如何生产并分配产品以试图满足其成员需求的。Remember,econom

4、ics is the study of how societies produce and distribute goods in an attempt to satisfy the wants and needs of its members.3我们如何在全球经济中满足我们的需求？How do we satisfy our wants and needs in a global economy?u我们可以在经济上自给自足。We can be economically self-sufficient.u我们也可以进行专业化分工，同别人进行贸易，这就导致了经济上的相互依存性。We can spe

5、cialize and trade with others,leading to economic interdependence.4相互依存性和贸易Interdependence and Trade一个一般性的观察 A general observation.个人和国家借助专业化生产和贸易，将它作个人和国家借助专业化生产和贸易，将它作为解决资源稀缺问题的一种方法。为解决资源稀缺问题的一种方法。Individuals and nations rely on Individuals and nations rely on specialized production and exchange a

6、s specialized production and exchange as a way to address problems caused by a way to address problems caused by scarcity.scarcity.5相互依存性和贸易Interdependence and Trade但是，这又产生了两个问题：But,this gives rise to two questions:经济的相互依存性为什么是常态？Why is interdependence the norm?生产和贸易是由什么来决定的？What determines producti

7、on and trade?6相互依存性为什么是常态？Why is interdependence the norm?相互依存性的发生是因为当人们进行专业化分工并同别人进行交易时，他们的处境变好了。Interdependence occurs because people are better off when they specialize and trade with others.7什么决定了生产和贸易的模式？What determines the pattern of production and trade?生产和贸易的模式是基于机会成本的差异。Patterns of producti

8、on and trade are based upon differences in opportunity costs.8uu从前有两个人比邻而居，名字分别叫做李逵和农民。二人均每周工作40小时，并且把这些时间用语种土豆、养牛或者两者的结合，过着自给自足的生活。一个现代经济的寓言A Parable for the Modern Economy9农民与李逵的生产可能性The Production Opportunities of Zhang Shun and Li Kui10自给自足Self-Sufficiency若彼此间无贸易 By ignoring each other:他们各自消费自我生

9、产的产品。Each consumes what they each produce.Each consumes what they each produce.生产可能性边界也就是消费可能性边界 The production possibilities frontier is also The production possibilities frontier is also thethe consumption possibilities frontier.consumption possibilities frontier.11生产可能性边界Production Possibilities

10、Frontiers土豆（磅）土豆（磅）牛肉（磅）牛肉（磅）42 12(a)农民的生产可能性边界农民的生产可能性边界Zhang Shuns Production Possibilities Frontier0A12生产可能性边界Production Possibilities Frontiers土豆（磅）土豆（磅）牛肉（磅）牛肉（磅）40202.5(a)李逵的生产可能性边界李逵的生产可能性边界Li Kuis Production Possibilities Frontier0B513自给自足Self-Sufficiency14uu有一天，李逵突然有了一个绝妙的主意。在干活回来的路上，他对农民说：

11、农民将农民将4 4磅土豆的磅土豆的1 1磅换磅换3 3磅牛肉。我用磅牛肉。我用2424小小时养牛，时养牛，1616小时种土豆，结果将会怎样呢小时种土豆，结果将会怎样呢？一个现代经济的寓言A Parable for the Modern Economy15农民和李逵专业生产和贸易Zhang Shun and Li Kui Specialize and Trade 如果他们各自生产他们适合生产的产品、然后进行交易，那么他们的情况都会变好Each would be better off if they specializedEach would be better off if they speci

12、alized in producingin producing the product they are more the product they are more suited to produce,and thensuited to produce,and then tradetrade with each with each other.other.u农民应该生产土豆。.u李逵应该生产牛肉。.16从贸易中获益 The Gains from Trade17比较优势原理The Principle of Comparative Advantageu谁应当生产什么？谁应当生产什么？Who sh

13、ould produce Who should produce what?what?u每种产品应该换得多少？每种产品应该换得多少？How much should How much should be traded for each product?be traded for each product?农民和李逵，谁能以较低的成本生产土豆生产成本的差异决定了：Differences in the costs of production determine the following:18生产成本的差异Differences in Costs of Productionu生产一单位产品的时间数。T

14、he number of hours required to produce a unit of output.为了一种产品而放弃另一种产品的机会成本。The opportunity cost of sacrificing one good for another.度量生产成本差异有两种方法Two ways to measure differences in costs of production:19比较优势Comparative Advantageuu根据生产商的根据生产商的机会成本机会成本进行比较。进行比较。Compares producers of a good according t

15、o Compares producers of a good according to their their opportunity cost.opportunity cost.uu机会成本较小的生产商生产该种产品时具有机会成本较小的生产商生产该种产品时具有比比较优势较优势。The producer who has the smaller The producer who has the smaller opportunity cost of producing a good is opportunity cost of producing a good is said to have a

16、said to have a comparative advantagecomparative advantage in in producing that good.producing that good.20专业化和贸易Specialization and Tradeu谁在生产土豆上具有比较优势？Who has the comparative advantage in the production of fish?农民还是李逵?21比较优势Comparative Advantageu农民生产一磅土豆的机会成本是？，而李逵的机会成本却是？u农民生产一磅牛肉的机会成本是？而李逵的机会成本是？2

17、2*比较优势与贸易Comparative Advantage and Tradeu在贸易的时候，为了使自己受益u谁出售鱼而购买柴？谁出售柴而购买鱼？交换比例是多少？23比较优势原理The Principle of Comparative Advantageu比较优势和机会成本差异是专业化生产以及进行贸易的基础。Comparative advantage and differences in Comparative advantage and differences in opportunity costs are the basis for opportunity costs are the

18、basis for specialized production and trade.specialized production and trade.u无论什么时候，只要潜在的贸易伙伴存在机会成本的差异，他们都能从贸易中获益。Whenever potential trading parties have Whenever potential trading parties have differences in opportunity costs,they can differences in opportunity costs,they can each benefit from trad

19、e.each benefit from trade.24贸易的好处贸易的好处Benefits of TradeBenefits of Trade贸易能使社会中的每一位成员获得好处，因为贸易允许人们从事他们具有比较优势的专业生产。Trade can benefit everyone in a society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage.25亚当亚当 斯密与贸易斯密与贸易Adam Smith and TradeAdam Smith an

20、d Trade亚当亚当 斯密斯密在在17761776年国富论一书中对贸易与经济的年国富论一书中对贸易与经济的相互依赖性做了详尽的分析相互依赖性做了详尽的分析经济学家们至今对此仍经济学家们至今对此仍深信不疑。深信不疑。In his 1776 book In his 1776 book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of NationsWealth of Nations,Adam SmithAdam Smith performed a

21、performed a detailed analysis of trade and economic detailed analysis of trade and economic interdependence,which economists still adhere to interdependence,which economists still adhere to today.today.26大卫大卫 李嘉图与贸易李嘉图与贸易David Ricardo and TradeDavid Ricardo and Trade大卫李嘉图在1816年的政治经济学与税收书中发展了我们今天所熟知的

22、比较优势原则。In his 1816 In his 1816 book book Principles of Political Economy and Principles of Political Economy and TaxationTaxation,David RicardoDavid Ricardo developed the developed the principle of comparative advantage as we know principle of comparative advantage as we know it today.it today.27绝对优

23、势Absolute Advantageu描述一个人、一家公司或一个国家相对其他人、公描述一个人、一家公司或一个国家相对其他人、公司或国家的生产力。司或国家的生产力。Describes the productivity of one person,firm,Describes the productivity of one person,firm,or nation compared to that of another.or nation compared to that of another.u生产商在生产一种产品时的要素投入少，则他在生生产商在生产一种产品时的要素投入少，则他在生产该种产品

24、时具有产该种产品时具有绝对优势绝对优势。The producer that requires a smaller quantity The producer that requires a smaller quantity of inputs to produce a good is said to have an of inputs to produce a good is said to have an absolute advantageabsolute advantage in producing that good.in producing that good.28绝对优势和比较优势

25、Absolute Advantage v.Comparative Advantageu是谁决定着贸易和专业化分工，比较优势还是绝对优势？Which determines trade and specialization?Absolute or comparative advantage?u考虑下面的例子29李逵与李鬼的生产可能性The Production Opportunities of Li Kui and Li Gui30u李逵在鱼和柴的生产上都具有绝对优势，但只在柴的生产上具有比较优势。u李鬼多生产鱼，李逵多生产柴，然后进行贸易，可以使双方获得好处。u为什么？绝对优势和比较优势Abso

26、lute Advantage v.Comparative Advantage31比较优势的应用u样样比人强，样样自己干，是正确的吗？u富国与穷国的贸易是富国剥削穷国吗？32经济学十大原理在本讲中的运用u原理1：人们面临得失交换。u原理2：做某事的机会成本就是你为之放弃的东西。u原理3：理性人在边际上思考问题。u原理4：人对激励做出反应。u原理5：贸易使人人受益。33总结Summaryu经济的相互依赖性和贸易允许人们享受更多数量、更多种类的商品和服务。Interdependence and trade allow people to enjoy a greater quantity and va

27、riety of goods and services.34总结Summaryu生产一种商品，要素投入较少的生产商具有“绝对优势”The person who can produce a good with a smaller quantity of inputs has an absolute advantage.u生产一种商品，机会成本较小的生产商具有“比较优势”The person with a smaller opportunity cost has a comparative advantage.35总结Summaryu从贸易中获益是来自于比较优势，而非绝对优势The gains f

28、rom trade are based on comparative advantage,not absolute advantage.u比较优势既适用于国家又适用于个人Comparative advantage applies to countries as well as to people.369、静夜四无邻，荒居旧业贫。3月-233月-23Thursday,March 30,202310、雨中黄叶树，灯下白头人。22:09:3722:09:3722:093/30/2023 10:09:37 PM11、以我独沈久，愧君相见频。3月-2322:09:3722:09Mar-2330-Mar-

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32、0,202310、阅读一切好书如同和过去最杰出的人谈话。22:09:3722:09:3722:093/30/2023 10:09:37 PM11、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡。3月-2322:09:3722:09Mar-2330-Mar-2312、越是无能的人，越喜欢挑剔别人的错儿。22:09:3722:09:3722:09Thursday,March 30,202313、知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有力，自胜者强。3月-233月-2322:09:3722:09:37March 30,202314、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。30 三月 202310:09:37 下午22:0

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