阅读理解专题事实细节题.ppt

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1、阅阅读读理理解解解解题题技技巧巧阅读理解阅读理解 是英语能力培养的重点项目，是考试是英语能力培养的重点项目，是考试的一个重要题型，分值高、题量大。阅读的一个重要题型，分值高、题量大。阅读理解考查的根本是检验学生对有关信息的理解考查的根本是检验学生对有关信息的加工能力。加工能力。阅读理解能力的重要标志是阅读速度阅读理解能力的重要标志是阅读速度和理解力的正确率。和理解力的正确率。因此，阅读理解的功夫应下在平时。因此，阅读理解的功夫应下在平时。多分析题型，多了解考点，真正做到有的多分析题型，多了解考点，真正做到有的放矢，提高命中率。放矢，提高命中率。考试大纲的说明考试大纲的说明要求考生读懂书、报、杂

2、志中关于一般性话要求考生读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等。考题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等。考生应能：生应能：（1）理解主旨和要义；）理解主旨和要义；（2）理解具体信息；）理解具体信息；（3）根据上下文推测生词词义；）根据上下文推测生词词义；（4）做出判断和推理；）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文段的基本逻辑结构；）理解文段的基本逻辑结构；（6）理解作者的意图和态度；）理解作者的意图和态度；阅阅读读理理解解题题型型找找一切语言测试所有阅读题型的根本方法一切语言测试所有阅读题型的根本方法 找什么找什么what 信息信息 怎么找怎么找how 标注标注略读略读(ski

3、mming)：浏览标题、起始段或结尾段、每段浏览标题、起始段或结尾段、每段的首尾句、以及表示句、段关系的连接性词语等以了解的首尾句、以及表示句、段关系的连接性词语等以了解文章的文章的大意或主题思想大意或主题思想。查读查读(scanning)：就是带着问题去快速阅读，以求在短就是带着问题去快速阅读，以求在短时间内准确地寻找到我们所需要的信息。时间内准确地寻找到我们所需要的信息。研读研读(study reading)：就是通过略读了解文章主旨和通就是通过略读了解文章主旨和通过查读找到了相关的范围之后，在相关范围内逐句、逐过查读找到了相关的范围之后，在相关范围内逐句、逐词地阅读，不仅要理解其字面意思

4、，而且要通过分析、词地阅读，不仅要理解其字面意思，而且要通过分析、综合、比较、联想等思维方法，并结合自己已有的知识综合、比较、联想等思维方法，并结合自己已有的知识和经验进行推理、判断，来理解文章的深层含义，以及和经验进行推理、判断，来理解文章的深层含义，以及作者的立场、观点、态度或意图等读。作者的立场、观点、态度或意图等读。三种阅读方法三种阅读方法对于解题的顺序有的人喜欢先阅读再看题，有的对于解题的顺序有的人喜欢先阅读再看题，有的人喜欢先看题再阅读，这要因人而异，本无优劣人喜欢先看题再阅读，这要因人而异，本无优劣之分，根据你的习惯来定。我们推荐以下步骤：之分，根据你的习惯来定。我们推荐以下步骤

5、：(1)(1)用用略读法略读法了解文章大意及各段的了解文章大意及各段的大意大意。(2)(2)阅读题干及各个选项，了解考查的内容。阅读题干及各个选项，了解考查的内容。(3)(3)带着问题用带着问题用查读法查读法到文中找到到文中找到相关句段相关句段。(4)(4)用用研读法研读法理解相关句段，理解相关句段，筛选答案筛选答案。(5)(5)综合考虑各题所选选项，看是否切合全文主综合考虑各题所选选项，看是否切合全文主旨。旨。五步解题方法五步解题方法考点设置考点设置考纲要求与高考试题的落实情况如下表所示：考纲要求与高考试题的落实情况如下表所示：考纲要求考纲要求考题落实情况考题落实情况2008年年2009年年

6、2010年年2011年年1理解主旨和要义理解主旨和要义32112理解文中具体信息理解文中具体信息710893根据上下文推断生词的根据上下文推断生词的词义词义21114作出判断和推理作出判断和推理24245理解文章的基本结构理解文章的基本结构00006理解作者的意图、观点理解作者的意图、观点和态度和态度1212Skill 1：Critical thinking can best be described as .Aa system to improve peoples memoryBa method to expand peoples knowledgeCa way to increase pe

7、oples ability to understandDa process to make people more critical of others (2011事实细节1)Critical thinking is an important skill that can increase students ability to learn in any situation.This can be applied to traditional education to traditional education,or directly in a career related role.Many

8、 teachers find it such a valuable skill that they give their students a critical thinking question every day.Developing this ability can mean the difference between“just passing a course”and“understanding the material well enough”so that what students learn from it will follow them throughout their

9、life.定义 According to the author,future hitchhikers are more likely to .Avisit websites and find people to share cars withBstand by roads with their thumbs sticking out Cstick out signs with their destinations written onDwait for some kind people to pick them up(2011事实细节2)The future of hitchhiking mo

10、st likely lies with car-sharing organized over the Internet,via sites such as hitchhikers.org.But for now,you can still stick your thumb out(actually,I didnt do much of that,preferring just to hold up my destination sign)and people-wonderful,caring,sharing,unafraid people-will stop.The APOLOGY butto

11、n should be clicked when _.A.one wants to make the computer work perfectlyB.ones mistakes wont influence others any moreC.one is actually saying“Im sorry”D.one wont make the same mistake again(2011事实细节3)So I guess our lifes mistakes are not like our pencil scrawls that can be effectively corrected w

12、ith an eraser,or errors on our computer works that can be undone with an undo button.But there are effective and reliable tools we can useAPOLOGY and FORGIVENESS.Simply click the APOLOGY button when you have committed a mistake that has hurt a loved one and the words“Im Sorry”will flash on the other

13、 persons screen.But,you have to be truly sorry and you must be prepared not to commit the same mistake again for your APOLOGY to work.Sincerity is definitely a necessary part.做题技巧：做题技巧：1 1、用题干或选项中的、用题干或选项中的关键词（关键词（实体名词、实体名词、专专有名词、数词等）有名词、数词等）在文中搜索在文中搜索(寻读寻读)找到找到题眼题眼，迅速，迅速锁定锁定范围（相关词句或信息点范围（相关词句或信息点），

14、这是解题的依据所在。），这是解题的依据所在。2 2、对锁定的内容研读，对照选项，与之最接近的选项即、对锁定的内容研读，对照选项，与之最接近的选项即是答案。是答案。巧解语意转换题巧解语意转换题题目特点/提问方式：Critical thinking can best be described as .According to the author,future hitchhikers are more likely to .The APOLOGY button should be clicked when _.According to the passage,According to the pa

15、ssage,who/what/which/when/where/who/what/which/when/where/why/how/how many/how much/how long/how soon/why/how/how many/how much/how long/how soon/how often,how often,etc.?etc.?如果选项中有跟原文一样的答案，这如果选项中有跟原文一样的答案，这往往是错误答案往往是错误答案 细节题的正确答案往往是对原文某一细节题的正确答案往往是对原文某一句话进行句话进行同义改写同义改写。也。也 就是对原文中的就是对原文中的句子用了句子用了 不

16、同的词来表达。这样不同的词来表达。这样 的选项往往是正确选项。的选项往往是正确选项。Skill 2：The author thinks“mini-examples”are useful because they .Aassist students to better remember definitionsBgive students hands-on practiceChelp to keep students interestedDhelp students develop concepts (2011事实细节4)It is important for a student to under

17、stand more than definition（定义）One way to truly understand an idea is to have hands-on practice,and to apply concepts learned in a textbook.Such“mini-examples”will interest a student and improve their understanding of a topic.This is how life-long skills can be developed.The author tried to hitchhike

18、 but was rejected by single women drivers because .Athey were not heading towards ManchesterBthey thought most hitchhikers were dangerousC.hitchhiking had been handed and they didnt want to break the law D.he was a strong man in strange clothes who seemed dangerous(2011事实细节5)We all remember seeing h

19、itchhikers,standing by the side of the road,thumb,sticking out,waiting for a lift.But it is getting rare nowadays.What killed hitchhiking?Safety is often mentioned as a reason.Movies about murderous hitchhikers and real-life crime have put many drivers off picking up hitchhikers.That no single women

20、 picked me up on my journey to Manchester no doubt reflects the safety fear:a large,strangely dressed man is seen as dangerous.原因或结果原因或结果：题目特点：题目特点：题目特点：题目特点：The author thinks“mini-examples”are useful because they .The author tried to hitchhike but was rejected by single women drivers because .解题技巧：

21、题干关键词解题技巧：题干关键词解题技巧：题干关键词解题技巧：题干关键词 注意原文的信号词：注意原文的信号词：result,reason;result in(结果结果)，result from(由于），由于），baseon(以以为基础为基础)，be due to(由于由于)；because,for,why;as a result,consequently等。等。Why are more products and services created for tweenagers?A.Because children education is becoming more important.B.Bec

22、ause children have more money to buy them.C.Because it is better to study music from an early age.D.Because more companies are creating products and services.(2011事实细节6)More and more companies are beginning to create products and services for tweenagers.The Disney company sells music and film to twe

23、enagers and their parents.You can get everything from branded lunchboxes and mobile phone covers,to monthly fan magazines and clothing.Its all about sales,which suggests that tweenagers must have more money,freedom and influence upon their parents than theyve ever had before.Most kids in the UK toda

24、y get more pocket money than kids did a decade ago.Parents have more money to give their kids than previously,since parents are having fewer children.Kids today can get more money partly because _.A.parents always accompany their kidsB.parents have more expectation of kidsC.more and more parents div

25、orce nowadaysD.kids know how to make money(2011事实细节7)Most kids in the UK today get more pocket money than kids did a decade ago.Parents have more money to give their kids than previously,since parents are having fewer children.In addition,the divorce rate in the UK is continually rising and parents

26、spend less time with their children than they used to,so many parents try to compensate by buying presents for their children.Its a bad habit for both parents and kids to get into,but parents are under constant pressure from commercial marketing and the pleas of their children.Skill 3:What is true a

27、bout the Framingham Study?A.It was only conducted in 1948.B.It involves more than 12,000 participants.C.It was led by John Cacioppo.D.It showed that any behavior could spread.(2011事实细节8)Researchers used information from the Framingham Study,which began in 1948.The Framingham Study gathers informatio

28、n about physical and mental health,personal behavior and diet.At first,the study involved about 5,000 people in the American state of Massachusetts.Now,more than 12,000 individuals are taking part.Information from the Framingham Study showed earlier that happiness can spread from person to person.So

29、 can behaviors like littering and the ability to stop smoking.University of Chicago psychologist John Cacioppo led the recent study.Which statement about the spread of loneliness is true?A.The spreading effect was the second strongest among friends.B.No spreading effect was found on husbands and wiv

30、es.C.Women are more likely to be affected than men.D.Brothers are more easily affected than neighbors.(2011事实细节9)The effect was strongest among friends.Neighbors were the second most affected group.The effect was weaker on husbands and wives,and brothers and sisters.The researchers also found that l

31、oneliness spread more easily among women than men.Which of the following is true except?Which of the following is mentioned exceptAll of the following are All of the following are true EXCEPTtrue EXCEPT _._.What is true about?Which statement about is true?是非题是非题true or not truetrue or not true？特别留意题

32、干中含有否定意义的词语，如特别留意题干中含有否定意义的词语，如not,not,exceptexcept等，等，这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出连续出现在同一段现在同一段，做题时只需阅读有关段落，做题时只需阅读有关段落,剩下一个原文中剩下一个原文中未提到的，为正确答案未提到的，为正确答案,即是即是排除法排除法。用关键词搜索用关键词搜索(寻读寻读)锁定范围锁定范围研读研读 Which of the following is TRUE?A.However careful we are,we still make mistakes in life.B.Thin

33、gs we do and say can affect computer programs in our system.C.We can undo lifes mistakes if we are careful enough.D.An eraser is an effective tool for our computer works.(2011事实细节10)There are things in life we cannot undo as easily and completely as we would with our computer files.A wrong turn,a hu

34、rtful word said to a loved one,a bad move these we all commit as we walk our lifes journeys,no matter how careful we are in our steps.Once committed,we can no longer undo many of these mistakes,especially because unlike with our computer documents,each thing we do and say has vast impact as they inv

35、olve not just us the file that we are working on but also others,the unopened files and computer programs in our system.The Chinese local villagers and Romans are similar in the following aspects EXCEPT that _.A.they have similar appearanceB.their defense structures are similarC.they have the same c

36、haracterD.they both worship bulls(2011事实细节11)Chinese archeologists were therefore surprised in the 1990s to find the remains of an ancient defense structure in Liqian,a remote town in Yongchang county on the edge of a desert area,that was strikingly similar to Roman defense structures.They were even

37、 more astonished to find Western-looking people with green,deep-set eyes,long hooked noses and blond hair.Though the villagers said they had never traveled outside the county,they worshipped(崇尚)bulls and their favorite game was similar to the ancient Romans bull-fighting dance.Skill 4：If you make 10

38、 more friends in a year,the days of your feeling loneliness will be reduced by _.A.48 daysB.25 daysC.20 daysD.15 days(2011事实细节12)The New York Times newspaper reports that,on average,people experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year.It also found that every additional friend can decrease

39、loneliness by about five percent,or two and a half fewer lonely days.(2011事实细节13)Tuition Fees(学费学费)Tuition fees are different from department to department,generally from$5,000 to$6,000 a year.For further information:tui waikatoacnz.Accommodation(住宿住宿)You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat,which wi

40、ll cost about$100 a month with other regular living costs of about$150 a month for one person.For further information:acc waikatoacnz You have to pay at least _ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.A.$5,250 B.$8,000 C.$9,000 D.$11,000 这是细节题的一种，要求考生根据阅读材料这是细节题的一种，要求考生根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，通过计算，得

41、出正确结论。中给出的有关数据，通过计算，得出正确结论。这类计算题一般来说比较简单，关键是要这类计算题一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各弄清各数据间的逻辑关系数据间的逻辑关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。而解了。巧解数字计算题巧解数字计算题Skill 514.Dr.White tried his idea on 13 monkeys.First he taught them to do different jobs.Then he operated on them.He made the monkeys blood go through a machine.The m

42、achine cooled the blood.Then the machine sent the blood back to the monkeys brains.When the brain temperature was 10 degrees.Dr.White stopped the blood to the brain.After 30 minutes he turned the blood back.He warmed the blood again.After their operations,the monkeys were like what they had been wer

43、e before.They were healthy and busy.Each one could still do the jobs the doctor had taught them.What is the right order of the steps in the operations?a.send the blood back to the brain b.stop the blood to the brainc.have the blood cooled down d.operate on the brainA.a,b,c,d B.c,a,b,dC.c,b,d,a D.b,c

44、,d,a冷却血液冷却血液将冷却的血将冷却的血液输送到大脑液输送到大脑停止供停止供血血实施脑部手术。实施脑部手术。这种试题要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子这种试题要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的先后顺序。常见的提之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的先后顺序。常见的提问方式是：问方式是：What is the right order of?解答这类试题时，可采用解答这类试题时，可采用“首尾定位法首尾定位法”，即先找，即先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。而快速选出正确答案。巧解先后排

45、序题巧解先后排序题做题技巧：做题技巧：1、用题干或选项中的、用题干或选项中的关键词关键词（实体名词、专有名词、数词等）（实体名词、专有名词、数词等）在文中搜在文中搜索索(寻读寻读)找到找到题眼题眼，迅速，迅速锁定范围锁定范围（相关词（相关词句或信息点），这是解题的依据所在。句或信息点），这是解题的依据所在。2、对锁定的内容研读，对照选项，与之最、对锁定的内容研读，对照选项，与之最接近的选项即是答案。接近的选项即是答案。提问的特殊疑问词常有：提问的特殊疑问词常有：what,who,which,where,how,why 等。等。事事实实细细节节题题解题原则解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑忠

46、实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决关系，决不能主观臆断。不能主观臆断。干扰项：干扰项：1.无中生有（文中无信息）无中生有（文中无信息）2.偷梁换柱（换词，改变原意）偷梁换柱（换词，改变原意）3.文不对题（与题干要求不符）文不对题（与题干要求不符）五个W(Who,where,when,which)和一个H(how)以及其他特殊之处；数字、日期、时间等；同位语、破折号、括号、省略号等；表示附加说明的词，如：by the way,besides,whats more,in addition to,including to,as well as等。倒装句及加强语气的词，如above all,mainl

47、y,mostly,certainly,indeed等。表示绝对意义表示绝对意义first(first(第一第一)，least(least(最不最不)，most(most(最最)等的字眼：表示惟一性的词汇：等的字眼：表示惟一性的词汇：only,uniqueonly,unique等；阅读等；阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题时回原文定位。做题时回原文定位。阅读文章时注意：阅读文章时注意：(2011事实细节15)Lisa was running late.Lisa,25,had a lot to do at work,plus

48、 visitors on the way:her parents were coming in for Thanksgiving from her hometown.But as she hurried down the subway stairs,she started to feel uncomfortably warm.By the time she got to the platform,Lisa felt weak and tired maybe it hadnt been a good idea to give blood the night before,she thought.

49、She rested herself against a post close to the tracks.牛刀小试牛刀小试 What was the most probable cause for Lisas weakness?A.She had run a long way.B.She felt hot in the subway.C.She had done a 1ot of work.D.She had donated blood the night before.D。用用weak搜索搜索(寻读寻读)找到题眼：找到题眼：Lisa felt weak and tiredmaybe it

50、hadnt been a good idea to give blood the night before(丽莎感到虚弱疲劳丽莎感到虚弱疲劳也许她头天晚上献血也许她头天晚上献血不是好主意吧不是好主意吧)。选项。选项D用用donate blood替代原文中的替代原文中的give blood来表达来表达“献血献血”。易误选。易误选C，其实，其实“had done a 1ot of work(做了许多工作做了许多工作)”与与“had a lot to do at work(有许有许多工作要做多工作要做)”意思是不同的。意思是不同的。(2011事实细节16)Sometimes youll hear p