力力矩压力测量精选PPT.ppt
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1、力力矩压力测量第1页,此课件共70页哦7.1Introduction7.1.1Force(1)Whatistheforce?Forceisoneofthemostimportantphysicalparameters.Variousmechanicalmotionisvirtuallythetransmissionofforceortorque.Forcepossessesthecapabilityinbothstaticanddynamicphenomenon:itcanchangethebodysmotionstatusorcausebodysdeformation.第2页,此课件共70页
2、哦(2)unitofforceN(Newton):istheforcewhichwhenappliedtoamassofonekilogramgivesitanaccelerationof1m/s2.(3)Weight:istheforceexertedonabodyofmassmduetoearthgravity.G=mg;gisthelocalgravityacceleration,typicallyabout9.8m/s2.Weightmeasurementisusuallyspecifiedintermsofthemass.第3页,此课件共70页哦(4)Torque(力矩、扭矩、转矩)
3、Torqueissometimescalledmoment.Itistheproductofaforceanditsarm.Forarotatingshaftofradiusr,thetorqueTappliedtotheshafttocauseittorotateisFr,whereFisthetangentialforceattheradiusr.Whenashaftistwistedasaresultoftheapplicationofatorque,shearstressesandstrainareproducedintheshaftmaterial.第4页,此课件共70页哦(5)Pr
4、essureAforceFperpendiculartoanareaA,thepressurePisP=F/Aunit:Pascal(Pa)1Pa=1N/m2Atmosphericpressure:theatmospheresurroundingtheearthexertsaforceontheunitearthsurface,thatisthepressurecausedbytheweightoftheatmosphere.Itvarieswithweathercondition,theheightabovesealevel,latitude.第5页,此课件共70页哦Positivepres
5、sure:thegaugepressurehigherthantheatmosphericpressure.Gaugepressure:thepressuremeasuredrelativetotheatmosphericpressure.Thedifferentialpressurebetweentheabsolutepressureandtheatmosphericpressure.Absolutepressure:usedforthepressuremeasuredrelativetozeropressure.第6页,此课件共70页哦Negativepressure:thegaugepr
6、essurelowerthantheatmosphericpressure.Vacuum:theabsolutepressurelowerthanatmosphere.第7页,此课件共70页哦7.2Measurementmethods7.2.1Forcemeasurementmethods(1)AccordingtostaticordynamiceffectStaticeffect-thestaticforcecausesmechanicaldeformation.Bymeasuringthedeformationorusingsomeinnerstressorforcerelatedphys
7、icaleffects.Dynamiceffect-accordingtotheNewton2ndlaw,theforceisassociatedwithacceleration.Knowingmassandaccelerationmeasured,theforcecanbedefined:F=ma第8页,此课件共70页哦Forcemeasurement1.LeverbalancemethodsBasedontheprincipleofmomentsi.e.atstaticequilibriumthealgebraicsumoftheclockwisemomentsaboutanaxisequ
8、alstheanticlockwisemoments.Themomentofaforceaboutanaxisistheproductoftheforceandtheperpendiculardistancefromitslineofactiontotheaxis.Thismethodistypicallyusedforweightsupto1000Kg.2.Forcebalancemethods3.Elasticelementmethods4.Pressuremethods(2)accordingtothemethodsusingdifferentstructure&instruments第
9、9页,此课件共70页哦一种伺服式测力系统。无外力作用时,系统处于初始平衡位置,光线全部被遮住,光敏元件无电流输出,力发生器不产生力矩。当被测力F作用在杠杆上时,系统失去平衡,杠杆发生偏转,窗口打开相应的缝隙。光线通过缝隙,照射到光敏元件上,光敏元件输出与光照成比例的电信号,经放大后加到磁电力矩发生器的旋转线圈上。载流线圈与磁场相互作用而产生电磁力矩,用于平衡被测力F与配重(标准质量m)力的力矩之差;使杠杆重新处于平衡状态。当杠杆处于新的平衡位置时,其转角与被测力F成正比,放大器输出电信号在采样电阻R上的电压U0与被测力F成比例。磁电式力平衡测力系统磁电式力平衡测力系统Forcebalancem
10、ethods第10页,此课件共70页哦ElasticelementmethodsSensorsthatareusedformeasurementofforce,torqueorpressureoftencontainanelasticelementthatconvertsthemechanicalquantityintoadeflectionorstrainwhichcanthenbetransformedusinganothersensorintoanelectricalsignal.Electricalresistancestraingaugesarewidelyusedinthiscap
11、acity.第11页,此课件共70页哦Ingeneral,elasticelementsusedforthemeasurementofforcecanbeconsideredtorepresentedbythemodelshowninFig.Whenaforcef(t)actsonthemassofelement,adisplacementisproducedwhichvarieswithtimebeforeobtainingasteady-statevalue.Thedisplacementvariationwithtimeisdescribedbyasecondorderdifferent
12、ialequation.Inpractice,oftenitisnotthedisplacementitselftobemeasuredbutthestrainexperiencedbyastraingaugeattachedtowhatisequivalentofthespring.dampingspring第12页,此课件共70页哦Diagramofstraingauge第13页,此课件共70页哦Variousformsofelasticmembersareused.Thesimplestisjustaspringtomakeadevicecalledspringbalance.Theex
13、tensionofthespringrepresentstheforceapplied.Loadcells,i.e.elasticmemberswhichtransformforceintodisplacementorstrains,cantakemanyforms.第14页,此课件共70页哦Thestructureoftypicalelasticelementanditsdesigningcalculationasfollows:Columnarloadcell第15页,此课件共70页哦Provingring测力环BendingbeamAppliedforce第16页,此课件共70页哦The
14、relativeextensionofstraingaugeinelasticelement:l-Totalextensionofstraingaugel-theoriginallengthofstraingaugeF-appliedforceA-workingareaofelasticelementE-Yangmodelofelasticelement-stressofelasticelement第17页,此课件共70页哦Sensitivity:-poisonconstantofelasticelementTotalstrainofelasticelement:Outputofelectri
15、calbridge:Ingeneral,selectk=2,Voltagesensitivity(mv/v):第18页,此课件共70页哦Otherprincipleofforcemeasurement(1)Piezoelectricdynamometry压电式测力仪利用压电材料(石英晶体、压电陶瓷)的压电效应,将被测力经弹性元件转换为与其成正比的电荷量输出,通过测量电路测出输出电荷,从而实现对力值的测量。弹性元件感受力F时压电材料产生电荷Q输出dij:Piezoelectricconstant适用于动态力的测量第19页,此课件共70页哦由工业纯铁、硅钢等铁磁材料制成的铁心在机械力的作用下磁导率
16、发生变化称为压磁效应,或称磁弹性效应。如图a所示,在铁心上安置一对线圈一励磁线圈和测量线圈。两线圈的平面相互垂直,若无外力作用,励磁线圈中心交流电流所建立的磁场对测量线圈没有输出,见图b。若外力作用在铁心上,铁心磁导率改变,则测量线圈被励磁线圈中的磁场交链而输出比例于外力大小的信号,见图c。Piezomagneticdynamometry第20页,此课件共70页哦TorquemeasurementqTorquemeasurementareusedforrotatingshaftstodeterminethepowertransmittedandalsotomonitoragainstfailu
17、reasaresultofshearstress.Themeasurementoftorqueisalwayslinkedwiththepowerandrotatingspeed.qTheworkdoneistheproductoftheforceandthedistancetraveledinthedirectionoftheforce.Workdonepersecond=F2rn=(Powertransmittedbyarotatingshaft=2nT=T)F:TangentialforceataradiusrT:Torqueappliedtoashafttocauseittorotat
18、e.第21页,此课件共70页哦Basicmethodsoftorquemeasurement:(1)Transmissionmethod(扭轴法)(2)Forcebalancemethod(3)Powertransformationmethod第22页,此课件共70页哦(1)Whenatorqueappliedtoanelasticshaft,asaresult,theshaftistwistedandshearstressandstrainsareproducedintheshaftmaterial.G:shearmodelofmaterial;:TorsionangleIP:polarse
19、condmoment(极惯性矩)第23页,此课件共70页哦Whenthetorsionanglemeasured:Whentheshearstressofshaftmeasured:Whenthestrainofshaftmeasured:45、135:thestrainsalongthedirectionof45o、135orelatedtoaxisoftheshaft.第24页,此课件共70页哦1.电阻应变式转矩仪在转轴上或直接在被测轴上,沿轴线的45。或135。方向将应变片粘贴上,当转轴受转矩M作用时,应变片产生应变,其应变量与转矩M成线性关系。对空心圆柱形轴:对方形截面轴:G为转轴的弹
20、性模量第25页,此课件共70页哦第26页,此课件共70页哦Whenthetorqueismeasuredforarotatingshaft,itisnecessarytoobtaintheoutputsignalfromthebridgeconnectionofthestraingaugeswhichareontherotatingshaftandprovidethed.c.supplyvoltageforthebridge.Onemethodofdoingthisisviasliprings.Aproblemwithsuchanarrangementisthenoisegeneratedby
21、variationsincontactresistancebetweentheringsandthebrushes.第27页,此课件共70页哦第28页,此课件共70页哦Analternativemethodistomounttheentirebridge,togetherwithitsvoltagesupply,ontherotatingshaftandusethebridgeoutputtomodulatearadiosignalwhichisthentransmittedtonearby,stationary,equipmentfordisplayorrecording.第29页,此课件共
22、70页哦 第30页,此课件共70页哦 第31页,此课件共70页哦(2)力平衡法它是利用平衡转矩M0去平衡被测转矩M,从而求得M的方法。当转轴受转矩作用时,机体上必定同时作用着方向相反的平衡力矩(或称支座反力矩),因此测量出机体上的平衡力矩就可以知被测转矩大小。第32页,此课件共70页哦图为反力法测量小转矩的测试系统。由测量轴2、静压空气支承3、角位移传感器5、力矩电动机4和标准电阻Ro及电路组成。第33页,此课件共70页哦(3)能量转换法这是按能量守恒定律来测量力矩的仪器。它是通过测量其它与转矩有关的能量系数(如电能系数)来确定被测力矩大小的。根据能量转换法制作的测力矩仪一般多用于测量各种电机
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