英语写作基础教程.pptx

《英语写作基础教程.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语写作基础教程.pptx（76页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、1Chapter I Using Proper WordsI.Using words correctlyII.Using words accurately第1页/共76页2I.Using words correctlyI.Using words correctly1.overcome ChinglishEg:Im not afraid of the hot weather.I dont mind the hot weather.I found the room rather cold.I felt the room rather cold.On Sundays I always sleep l

2、ate.On Sundays I always get up late.第2页/共76页3The blanket felt soft to her.She felt the blanket soft.His level of English has been proved.His English has improved.He came out the fourth in the exam.He received the fourth place in the exam.第3页/共76页42.Beware of archaisms,obsolete words,2.Beware of arch

3、aisms,obsolete words,and newly-coined words and newly-coined wordsWords or meaning of words which are no longer in common used but occur in special text(e.g.Religious works)and poetry are called archaic.Eg:mayhaps(v.hope;adv.maybe),quoth(vt.say),thy(pron.your),ere(prep.before)Words or meaning which

4、have gone out of use altogether are called obsolete.Eg:admirable废语令人惊奇的 fine n.废语惩罚，处罚；为接受惩罚支付的钱 Newly-coined words Eg:junior-high-schooler,tube-steak,water-sensitive-crops,snow-poor-winter,第4页/共76页53.Avoid slang3.Avoid slangOn hearing that his father had kicked the bucket,we wrote him a letter to e

5、xpress our deep sympathies.The big banquet held in honor of the distinguished state guests was really neat.俚语呱呱叫的；了不起的，极好的 Unexceptionable/admirable/excellent第5页/共76页6II.UsingII.Using words accurately words accuratelyThe shade of meaningThe shade of meaningEg1:eagle and hawkEagle is a bird that soar

6、s high and thus see far.to have an eagle eye(to have excellent vision)Hawk is a bird of pray,symbolizes harshness,thus people call the hard line politician“the hawk”.Eg2:dumb and muteHe is a dumb/mute man.第6页/共76页71.Specific and concrete words1.Specific and concrete wordsSpecific and generalA good m

7、an:kind/honest/just/generous/sympathetic/warm-hearted/selfless/honorableGood food:tasty/nourishing/rich/wholesome/high-priced/fresh/substantial第7页/共76页8General:General:In spring,the weather in Beijing In spring,the weather in Beijing can be can be very bad.very bad.Specific:Specific:In spring,it is

8、often In spring,it is often windy and windy and dustydusty here.here.More specific with the help of details:More specific with the help of details:In spring,the wind blows all day long.In spring,the wind blows all day long.The air is then filled with fine dust which The air is then filled with fine

9、dust which sometimes shuts out the sun.There is no sometimes shuts out the sun.There is no escape from the fine dust.It gets into escape from the fine dust.It gets into your eyes,your ears,your nostrils,and your eyes,your ears,your nostrils,and your hair.your hair.第8页/共76页92.Denotation and Connotati

10、on2.Denotation and ConnotationDenotation is the basic,direct,literal meaning of a word.As defined by the dictionary.Connotation is the association around and the overtone about the word.its the feeling or idea suggested by the word.第9页/共76页10E.g.国家Country emphasizes the territory.Nation emphasizes t

11、he people.State emphasizes political organization.Land is often used to connote certain feeling.An island country;neighboring countrypeace-loving nation;the awaking nation of AfricaState-owned enterprisesOur state system is the peoples democratic dictatorship.A far-away/foreign land;a land of libert

12、y/opportunity第10页/共76页11 Different connotation reflects the Different connotation reflects the different attitude of the speaker.different attitude of the speaker.Complimentary derogatory neutralPublic servant bureaucrat government employeeFinancier speculator investorLaw officer cop policemanCaptai

13、n of industry tycoon successful businessman Investigator spy detectiveCaptive jailbird prisoner第11页/共76页123.SynonymsSynonyms:Two or more forms with very closely related meaning,which are often but not always,intersubstitutable in a sentence.According to formality:Early English:small/little ask time

14、rise French:petite question age mountLatin:diminutive interrogate epoch ascendGenerally,Latin words are more bookish than early English and French.第12页/共76页13Examples:The concert concluded with a performance of Beethovens 5th symphony.They ended the concert with Beethovens 5th symphony.My father pur

15、chased a large automobile.My dad bought a big car.第13页/共76页14Chapter II Making Correct and Effective SentencesI.Elements of a sentenceII.Requirements of a correct sentenceIII.Requirements of an effective sentence第14页/共76页15I.Elements of a sentence1.Completeness in structure;2.Begin with a capital le

16、tter;3.End with a full stop,or a question mark,or an exclamation mark;4.Express a single complete idea.第15页/共76页16II.II.Requirements of a correct Requirements of a correct pleteness in structure2.the right subject3.agreement between the subject and the predicate verb4.agreement between pronoun and a

17、ntecedent5.clear pronoun reference6.ending sentences with full stops7.joining clauses with conjunctions8.a main clause in a complex sentence9.proper use of comparisons10.correct use of the tense第16页/共76页17Correct the following sentences:Because he hadnt finish his assignment,so he continued working

18、in the pleteness in structureNot knowing his name,it was difficult to introduce him.the right subjectA number of spelling mistakes was found in his composition.agreement between the subject and the predicate verbEverybody should return the books he borrowed within a week.agreement between pronoun an

19、d antecedent第17页/共76页18She told my sister that her idea was practicable.clear pronoun referenceNo one come to the party,it was a complete failure.ending sentences with full stops/joining clauses with conjunctionsBecause he had not heard about that important decision.a main clause in a complex senten

20、ceThe Sahara is larger than any desert in the world.proper use of comparisonsWe have revised our work plan last night.correct use of the tenseCorrect the following sentences:第18页/共76页19Fragment and EllipseFragment and EllipseA fragment is a part of sentence(such as a phrase or dependant/subordinate

21、clause)which begins with a capital letter and ends as a sentence does.E.g.Fragment The result being that he lost the presidential election.Sentence The result is that he lost the presidential election.第19页/共76页20MAs exclamations Oh!Nonsense!Well done!What a day!How kind of you!Susan a singer!?MIn sp

22、oken English A:how about this?B:very good!A:Your name and your address,please?B:All right,here.v More Fragment-like sentences第20页/共76页21MAs transitions And a final instance,To return from our digression,Now,a few more words about the meeting today.M For emphasis and vividness There is a price to pay

23、 for success.The demanding price of self denial,the price of blood and sweat and tears.第21页/共76页22III.Requirements of an effective sentence一.Unity.Unity 一致性Unity:Unity:A sentence should express a single complete idea,no more,no less.If it contains too much,then the sentence becomes confusing.If it c

24、ontains too little,then the idea in it is incomplete.In other words,a sentence violates the principle of unity if it contains ideas that are not closely related;whats more,a sentence is not unified if it does not express a complete thought.第22页/共76页23 Eg:Ideas not closely related:Born in a small tow

25、n in South China in 1937,he grew up to be a great musician.He was born in a small town in South China in 1937,and grew up to be a great musician.Idea incomplete:Dream of the Red Mansion is the best-known novel.Dream of the Red Mansion is one of the best-known classical Chinese novel.第23页/共76页241.Avo

26、id chopped-up sentenceIn the following sentence,the idea of one unified sentence is chopped into several short sentences.E.g:My best friend in high school was our literature teacher.Her name was Wang Li.She taught us literature for three years.Revised:My best friend in high school was our literature

27、 teacher,Wang Li,who taught us for three years.第24页/共76页252.Avoid Fused sentence:several ideas are fused into one sentence.several ideas are fused into one sentence.Fused:She suddenly paused and it seemed wonderful that she could speak so easily but she was usually bashful.Improved:She suddenly paus

28、ed.It seemed wonderful that she could speak so easily,but she was usually bashful.Fused:They did not win the game so far as I could see they did not even try.Improved:They did not win the game.So far as I could see,they did not even try.第25页/共76页26Coherence requires that the parts of a sentence are

29、so arranged that they stick together,and that the ideas progress in a logical sequence.1.Parallelism E.g:I forgot that my research paper was due on Tuesday and my teacher had said he would not accept late papers.二二.Coherence.Coherence 连贯性连贯性第26页/共76页27The child was pretty and had brains.The child wa

30、s pretty and intelligent.He sat down and was beginning to work.He sat down and began to work.I will wait until you call or she comes.I will wait until you call or until she comes.I went to the dance with a girl from Memphis and who has a southern accent.I went to the dance with a girl who is from Me

31、mphis and who has a southern accent.In parallel constructionIn parallel construction it is necessary to it is necessary to balance word for word,phrase with phrase,balance word for word,phrase with phrase,clause with clause,sentence with sentence.It clause with clause,sentence with sentence.It is so

32、metimes necessary to repeat the is sometimes necessary to repeat the introductory word or phrase or clause.introductory word or phrase or clause.第27页/共76页282.Consistency(1)keep the same grammatical subject unless there is good reason for changing.Eg:The cast first discusses the play and then nightly

33、 rehearsals begin.The cast first discusses the play and then begin nightly rehearsals.(2)Keep the person of pronoun consistent.Eg:Having eaten our lunch,they departed by boat.Having eaten their lunch,they departed by boat.第28页/共76页29(3)Keep the number of nouns and pronouns consistent Eg:Being a stud

34、ent,we all wish to learn to write well.One can never write effectively,unless they write as much and as often as they can.(4)Keep the mood and the voice that you have decided upon.Eg:First build a fire and then you should make the coffee.He drove the car into the garage and the motor was quickly sto

35、pped.第29页/共76页303.Subordination Correct subordination clarifies the relationships between ideas,thus strengthens the coherence of a sentence.Subordination also leads to greater economy in writing,permitting one to express oneself in the fewest possible words.第30页/共76页31It can be achieved by turning

36、the other clause into:It can be achieved by turning the other clause into:(1)an adverbial clause(1)an adverbial clause(2)an adjective clause(2)an adjective clause(3)a present participial phrase(3)a present participial phrase(4)a past participial phrase(4)a past participial phrase(5)an appositive(5)a

37、n appositiveEg:A.I was in college.I had a roommate.He was studying to be a lawyer.B.I ran out of ink,thus being unable to finish my theme.C.The dean issued a bulletin,and it said the library would remain open on weekends.第31页/共76页32三.Conciseness 简洁性1.No wordinessnWordiness also violates the principl

38、e of unity,the idea gets blurred by unnecessary words which obscure it like clouds and smoke.nSorry,Im not in a position to offer assistance to him.Sorry,I am unable to help him.nThe maid put the letter that came from Prague on my desk.The maid put the letter from Prague on my desk.nThere are severa

39、l advantages to buying a motorbike.Buying a motorbike offers several advantages.nId like to take the opportunity to say thank you.Thank you.第32页/共76页332.Clarity 2.Clarity Clarity requires that a sentence should be written with its meaning unmistakably clear.Misunderstanding is often caused by the po

40、sition of modifiers：The meaning of a sentence can be changed drastically by changes in the position of modifiers.Eg：I I reallyreally dont mind waiting.dont mind waiting.I dont I dont reallyreally mind waiting.mind waiting.In one word,the modifier must be placed as near to the modified as possible.第3

41、3页/共76页34四.Emphasis Emphasis 强调性强调性Emphasis is the means by which you give desired force to your writing.1.positioning for emphasisThe sentence end-the place of strongest emphasisThe sentence beginning-the place of secondary emphasisThe middle-the place of least emphasisE.g.He will not have the endu

42、rance needed for the long training required to be a dentist,I think.Attention:move the point to be emphasized,out of order,to the front,this process is often called fronting or inversion.E.g:This I will never do.第34页/共76页352.use of the appropriate voice for verbs2.use of the appropriate voice for ve

43、rbsIn general the active voice is preferable because it is more direct and precise,but sometimes the passive is more appropriate than the active.E.g.The advice which was given to me by you will be followed by me.Television was watched by the whole family in the evenings.Passive voice is preferable:w

44、hen the receiver of an action is more important than the doer.when the doer is vague or unknown.when the doer is to be especially emphasized.第35页/共76页363.Climactic order3.Climactic orderClimacte order is the order that goes from the least important to the most important or that goes from the general

45、 to the specific.She was a kind-hearted,goodlooking,and well-mannered lady.Revised:She was goodlooking,well-mannered and kind-hearted.He said he had lost interest in life,fame,position and money after that tragedy.Revised:He said after that tragedy he had lost interest in Note:The opposite of climat

46、ic order results in anticlimax.it is often used deliberately for humorous effects.E.g.At one fell swoop,he lost his wife,his child,his household goods,and his dog.第36页/共76页374.Rhetorical questionA rhetorical question differs from an ordinary question in that it does not need an answer,it is used for

47、 emphasis.The rhetorical question is often reserved for special occasion to exert its great force.A positive rhetorical question is like a strong negative statement,while a negative rhetorical question is like a strong positive statement.E.g.If winter comes,can spring be far behind?Isnt it beautiful

48、 weather?第37页/共76页385.The balanced sentenceThe balanced sentence,by positioning together two or more parallel items,makes for poignancy and emphasis.E.g.Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.-Francis Bacon:“Of Studies”第38页/共76页396.Periodic sentencesA periodic sent

49、ence is one that is not complete in structure or meaning until it reaches the last word,which is the most important word of the sentence.Eg:It is generally acknowledged that the sole criterion of truth is practice.He said for buying a house he had prepared everything but money.第39页/共76页40Chapter 3 D

50、eveloping ParagraphsI.General Introduction to Paragraph:1.In form:set off by indentation or spacing2.In content:closely-related sentences第40页/共76页41II.Typical structure of paragraphTopic Sentence Supporting DetailsClosing Sentence第41页/共76页42Topic sentenceWhat is the topic sentence?The topic sentence