语言学形态学.pptx

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1、Q1.What is morphology?Q2.A distinction is made between open class and closed class concerning the categorization of words in a language.How does this distinction relate itself to morphology in your opinion?Q3.Morpheme:free morpheme vs.bound morpheme;derivational morpheme vs.inflectional morphemeQ4.A

2、ffix:prefix vs.suffixQ5.Compounding and compounds第1页/共24页1.什么是形态学？研究范围？形态学是涉及语素系统的研究，它研究词的内部结构和构造规则Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Q1.What is morphology?第2页/共24页Q2.A distinction is made between open class and closed class conc

3、erning the categorization of words in a language.How does this distinction relate itself to morphology in your opinion?Open class words:content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words,such as nouns,adjectives,verbs and adverbs.E.g.hacker,email,internet,surf,spam,blogsphere,songli

4、fting(song+shoplifting),workaholic,surgiholic,tree-huggerTaikonaut,ginormous,fantabulous菜鸟、驴友、枪手、做秀、粉丝、帖子、拍砖、下课、前卫、PK、丁克、爽、酷、饭局、充电、月光族、黄牛、房奴第3页/共24页Closed class words:grammatical or functional words,such as conjunction,articles,preposition and pronouns.“e”“偶”第4页/共24页Q3.语素的定义语素是语言最小的意义单位。句子是由单词构成的，词可

5、以被分成更小的成分。我们把这些处于单词最低一层的、有意义的成分称为”语素”。Q3:What is morpheme?第5页/共24页Q3:What is morpheme?Morpheme:the minimal meaningful unitHow many morphemes does each of the following words contain?boy,desireboyish,desirableboyishness,desirabilitygentlemanliness,undesirabilityantidisestablishmentarianism 第6页/共24页根据

6、结构 语素分为 自由语素 和 粘着语素 (morpheme)(free morpheme)(bound morpheme)具有完整词汇意义 具有一定词汇意义 能够独立使用 不能单独使用根据语义 语素分为 词根(root）和 词缀(affix）自由，粘着 屈折，派生 free root,bound root inflectional affix,derivational affix 前缀，后缀 prefix，suffix第7页/共24页词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素的关系 第8页/共24页Free vs.bound morphemeFree morpheme is one that may co

7、nstitute a word by itself,such as bed,tree,sing,dance.Bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme.They can not stand by themselves,such as“-s”in“dogs”,“-al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“-ed”in“recorded”.第9页/共24页Derivational vs.inflectional morphemeDerivational morphemes

8、 are morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of the words to which they are conjoined,or change their lexical or dictionary meaning.E.g.modern:modernize;length:lengthen;fool:foolish;do:undo;selfish:unselfish etc.第10页/共24页Inflectional morphemesWhen a word changes in form but not in l

9、exical meaning,we say it has undergone an inflection.E.g?Inflectional morphemes are morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers,signifying such concepts as person,number,gender,case,tense,aspect and so on;they never change the grammatical category of the base words or their lexi

10、cal meaning.第11页/共24页3.词根、词基和词干 去掉派生词缀得到的词是词基，去掉屈折词缀得到的词为词干。如果去掉词缀后的单词在不改变身份和词义的情况下不能再去任何词缀，则这个词是个词根。第12页/共24页4.构词法构词方法构词方法(word formation)复合法复合法(compound)混合法混合法(blending)派生法派生法(derivation)缩略法缩略法(abbreviation)逆构法逆构法(backformation)借词法借词法(borrowing)造词法造词法(invention)第13页/共24页Q4.Affix:prefix vs.suffix a

11、nd some other terms:root,stem,base第14页/共24页A root is that part of the word left when all the affixes(inflectional as well as derivational)are removed.E.g._ in“desirable”,_ in“unbelievable”A stem is part of a word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.E.g._ in“undesirable

12、s”,_ in“enriched”A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.This means any stem and root can be termed as a base.E.g.“desire”in“desired”is a _?“enrich”in“enriches”is a _?第15页/共24页Basic ways/rules of forming words in English1.Free morpheme forming a word 自由语素成词2.Derivation 派生-a free

13、 morpheme plus at least a derivational morpheme(bound),a derivative3.Compounding 复合-two free morphemes merged,a compound第16页/共24页Examples of CompoundingNoun compounds daybreak(N+V)playboy(V+N)haircut(N+V)callgirl(V+N)windmill(N+N)Verb compounds brainwash(N+V)lipread(N+V)babysit(N+V)Adjective compoun

14、ds maneating(N+Ving)heartfelt(N+Ved)dutyfree(N+adj.)Preposition compounds into(P+P)throughout(P+P)第17页/共24页Some points about compoundsWhen the two words are in the same grammatical category,the compound will be in this category,e.g.postbox,landlady,icy-coldWhen the two words fall into different cate

15、gories,the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound,e.g.head-strong,pickpocketCompounds have different stress patterns from the non-compounded word sequence,e.g.red coat,green houseThe meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts第

16、18页/共24页Chinese morphologyDo there exist affixes,free vs bound morphemes,derivational vs inflectional morphemes,and compounds in Chinese?第19页/共24页one-morpheme words that may comprise two or more Chinese characters 单纯词：人，水，走，吃，红琵琶，枇杷，葡萄，菩提，仿佛，犹豫，巧克力，苏维埃Derivatives 派生词老-;小-；阿-；第-；初-；见-子；-头；-儿；-者；-员；-士

17、；-手；-化Compounds 复合词思想，动静，看见，纸张，车辆，注意，关心，笔试第20页/共24页Chinese inflectional morphemes?Do the le element in the following two Chinese sentences express the same grammaticalized meaning?他吃坏肚子了。他吃坏了肚子。Le is undoubtedly a grammatical marker.But is it an aspect marker or a tense indicator?A debatable matter.

18、And it seems that the sentence final le differs from the le following the verb phrase in that they are associated with different meanings.Change of state or contrary to expectation?What do you think is the progressive aspect marker?Zai or zhe?What does the guo morpheme indicate?第21页/共24页1.Morphology

19、 is generally divided into two fields:the study of word-formation and _.A.affixation B.etymology C.inflection D.root2.The word boyish contains two .A.phonemes B.Morphs C.morphemes D.Allomorphs3.The adjective word“uniform”has _ morphemes.A.one B.three C.two D.zero 4.Prefixes do not generally change the _of the stem but only modify its meaning.A.word-class B.meaning C.form D.structureC C C A第22页/共24页第23页/共24页感谢您的观看！第24页/共24页