白细胞和免疫系统精选文档.ppt

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1、白白细细胞和免疫系胞和免疫系统统本讲稿第一页，共三十八页Bloodhem/o and hemat/oplasma-55%formed elements-45%serum-plasma without clotting plasma without clotting proteinsproteins本讲稿第二页，共三十八页Blood CellsRBC-erythrocytes-erythropoiesisWBC-leukocytes-leukopoiesisPlatelets-thrombocytes-thrombopoiesis本讲稿第三页，共三十八页Erythrocyteserythr/o-

2、erythr/o-redredcyte-cyte-cell cellHemoglobin-blood protein Hemoglobin-blood protein transports oxygentransports oxygenReticulocyte-immature Reticulocyte-immature erythrocyte erythrocyte RBCs produced by red bone RBCs produced by red bone marrowmarrow本讲稿第四页，共三十八页Leukocytesleuk/o-whiteProtect the body

3、 against invasionPass through capillary walls本讲稿第五页，共三十八页Granulocytes(neutrophils(phagocytosis)neutrophils(phagocytosis)(eosinophils(allergies)eosinophils(allergies)(basophils(promote inflammation)basophils(promote inflammation)Agranulocytes(lymphocytes(production of circulating lymphocytes(producti

4、on of circulating antibodies)antibodies)(monocytes(macrophages)monocytes(macrophages)Collection of dead and living bacteria and Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus,abscessleukocytes called pus,abscess.本讲稿第六页，共三十八页Thrombocytessmallest formed elementmade in bone marrowesse

5、ntial to blood coagulationIf injury,blood comes in contact with any tissue other than If injury,blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the lining of the vessels,platelets stick together,form plug,the lining of the vessels,platelets stick together,form plug,seals wound.Chemicals released,s

6、eries of reactions,seals wound.Chemicals released,series of reactions,formation of clot.formation of clot.本讲稿第七页，共三十八页Plasmaplasma(92%water(8%plasma proteinsC CalbuminalbuminC CglobulinglobulinC Cfibrinogenfibrinogenserum-plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogenplasma without clotting proteins

7、 or fibrinogen本讲稿第八页，共三十八页Functions of the Immune System To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances(pathogenic microorganisms(allergens(toxins(malignant cells本讲稿第九页，共三十八页Structures of the Immune SystemUnlike other body systems,Immune System is NOT contained within a single set o

8、f organs or vesselsAction depends on structures from lymphatic,cardiovascular,and Integumentary systemsWorks primarily through antigen-antibody reaction本讲稿第十页，共三十八页Lymphatic SystemMajor structures(lymph vesselslymph vessels(lymph nodeslymph nodes(lymph fluidlymph fluid(tonsilstonsilsAlso(spleensplee

9、n(thymusthymus本讲稿第十一页，共三十八页Functions of the Lymph Systemlymph/odrain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the bloodtransport materials(nutrients,hormones and oxygen)to body cellscarry away waste products to the blood transport lipids away from digestive systemcontrol of infection本讲稿第十二页，共三十八

10、页Lymph SystemLymph originates in blood plasmaInterstitial fluidcleans and nourishes body tissuescollects cellular debris,bacteriareturn to blood or lymph capillaries本讲稿第十三页，共三十八页Lymph Nodeslocated in lymph vesselssmall round or oval structures (filters)depositories for cellular debrisbacteria and de

11、bris phagocytized本讲稿第十四页，共三十八页Lymph Nodesinside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs(lymphocytes)almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in nodes and often swell as an indicator of the disease process本讲稿第十五页，共三十八页Spleensac-like mass of lymphatic tissuefilter for lymphphagocyt

12、ic cellshemolytic本讲稿第十六页，共三十八页Thymuslymphatic tissuemediastinumprimary role:changes lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity本讲稿第十七页，共三十八页Tonsilsmasses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid,not lymphlocated beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contam

13、inationany or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominanceshould not be removed unless absolutely necessary.本讲稿第十八页，共三十八页Antigen-Antibody ReactionsAntigen-any substance that the body regards as foreign(virus,bacterium,toxin)Antibody-a disease fighting protein developed by

14、 the body in response to the presence of an antigenAntigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction本讲稿第十九页，共三十八页WBCs for Immune Reactionsmonocytes-type of lymphocytes(formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by body(become macrophagesmacrophage-phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting invad

15、ing cellslymphocytes-major class of WBCs(formed in lymphatic tissue本讲稿第二十页，共三十八页LymphocytesT cells or T Lymphocytes(mature in thymus gland(Cell mediated immunityB cells or B Lymphocytes(mature in bone marrow(antibody-mediated immunity本讲稿第二十一页，共三十八页T Cell or T Lymphocyte(Cell Mediated Immunity)T Cell

16、(cell mediated immunity)(circulating lymphocytes(produced in bone marrow(matures in thymus(live for years(primary function:coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms 本讲稿第二十二页，共三十八页Lymphocyte:T Cellshelper T cells-essential to proper functioning of immune systemMemory cells-remember antigens and s

17、timulate a faster response if same antigen introduced at a later time本讲稿第二十三页，共三十八页Blood GroupsFour blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens(agglutinogens)on surface of RBCsA-A antigenB-B antigenAB-both AB antigensO-no AB antigens本讲稿第二十四页，共三十八页Plasma does not contain the antibody

18、against own antigenAntigensAntigens on the donors RBCs on the donors RBCs react with the react with the antibodies antibodies in patients plasma in patients plasma and cause a transfustion reaction.and cause a transfustion reaction.本讲稿第二十五页，共三十八页Rh FactorRh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85%of

19、Rh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85%of pop.of US.pop.of US.Rh positive and Rh negativeRh positive and Rh negativeRh neg pregnant woman may develop Rh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.positive fetus.hemol

20、ytic disease of the newbornhemolytic disease of the newbornprevented with RhoGAMprevented with RhoGAM本讲稿第二十六页，共三十八页ImmunityImmunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific diseaseAcquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life本讲稿第二十七页，共三十八页Facto

21、rs That Influence Immune SystemHealthAgeHeredity本讲稿第二十八页，共三十八页AnemiasOxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reducedsymptom of diseaseerythropeniahypochromasiahematocrit本讲稿第二十九页，共三十八页Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)Caused by HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)HIV infects T-helper cells with ofte

22、n a long incubation of up to 10 yearsAIDS name applied during advanced stages of diseaseAfter immune system destroyed,opportunistic infections occur.本讲稿第三十页，共三十八页Autoimmune DisordersAntigens stimulate development of antibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells.Body makes anti

23、bodies and T cells against itself and attacks own tissues.Multisystemic involvement.Myasthenia gravis,rheumatoid arthritis本讲稿第三十一页，共三十八页EdemaHypoproteinemialowers osmotic pressure within blood(large amounts of plasma pass out of bloodpoor lymph drainageincreased capillary permeabilitycongestive hear

24、t failurelocalized edema,ascites本讲稿第三十二页，共三十八页HemophiliaHereditary blood clotting disordersex-linked,usually in menlack factor VIII,essential for blood clottinghematomashemarthrosis本讲稿第三十三页，共三十八页Infectious MononucleosisAcute infection caused by virus.Fever,sore throat,swollen lymph glands,atypical l

25、ymphocytes,splenomegaly,hepatomegaly,abnormal liver function,and bruising.transmitted by droplet infectionInfection confers permanent immunityTreatment symptomatic本讲稿第三十四页，共三十八页Oncology,the study of tumorsMetastasis,MetastasizeMetastasis,MetastasizeCarcinomaCarcinoma(Malignant MelanomaMalignant Mela

26、noma(AdenocarcinomaAdenocarcinomaSarcoma(arises from bone,fat,muscle,etc.)Sarcoma(arises from bone,fat,muscle,etc.)(OsteocarcomaOsteocarcoma(OsteosarcomaOsteosarcoma(MyosarcomaMyosarcoma(Myeloma本讲稿第三十五页，共三十八页LeukemiaMajor oncological disorder of blood-forming organsmalignant cells replace health bon

27、e marrow cellsacute myelogenous leukemiaacute lymphocytic leukemia本讲稿第三十六页，共三十八页Hodgkins DiseaseMalignant disorderPainless,progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes;splenomegalyAnorexia,weight loss,pruritus,anemia,leukocytosis本讲稿第三十七页，共三十八页Kaposis SarcomaMalignancy associated with AIDSlesions emerge as purplish-brown macules and develop into plaques and nodules本讲稿第三十八页，共三十八页