四级语法辅导主谓一致、倒装周慧霞.ppt

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1、主谓一致以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题n有些疾病的名称带有-s词尾，通常作单数用nThemeasles（ormumps，rickets，smallpox，shingles）isadiseaseverycommoninthisvillagen表示游戏名称的名词通常作单数用nBilliards（orBowls，Dominos，Draughts）ismyfavoritegamen但：Cardsarenotinterestingtome以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题n有些学科的名称，虽以-s结尾，却都作单数；但若这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义，便可以做复数用。nMymathematicsa

2、repoornTheeconomicsofthiscountryarestablenSuchpoliticsarefoolishnSuchtacticsareridiculous以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题n某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，尽管带有复数词尾，但系一政治实体，做单数用；n但如不是国名，而是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称，通常作复数用。集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题n有些有生命的集体名词，如cattle,police，people，youth,mankind,folk等做主语时，谓动常用复数。n无生命的词，如foliage(叶子），machinery(机械），merc

3、handise(商品、货物）等做主语时，谓动用单数。n还有一些集体名词如：audience,class,crew,committee,family,team,group,army,police等做主语时，如指一整体，谓动用单数；如指全体中的每一个成员，谓动则用复数。n如果主语是由“acommitteeof”等+复数名词，随后的动词常用单数。以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题1.由由and/bothand连接的并列结构作连接的并列结构作主语时，谓动一般用复数。主语时，谓动一般用复数。如果意义上指同一个人、同一件事或如果意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一概念时，谓动要用单数。同一概念时，谓动要用单数。T

4、hesingerandwriterisfamoustoeveryone.ApenandbookiswhatIneed.Aneedle(针）andthread(线）wasfoundonthefloor.OtherExamplesnWarandpeace战争与和平战争与和平hamandeggs火腿蛋火腿蛋neggandrice蛋炒饭蛋炒饭lawandorder治安治安nbreadandbutter奶油面包奶油面包folkandknifenwheelandaxle轮轴轮轴needleandthread一套针线一套针线nloveandhateloveandaffection感情感情nacupandsa

5、ucer一套碟子茶杯一套碟子茶杯aimandend目的目的ntruthandhonesty真诚真诚capacityandefficiency效能效能nignoranceandnegligence玩忽无知玩忽无知trialanderror试验摸索试验摸索ntimeandtide岁月岁月ironandsteel钢铁钢铁nthewearandtear磨损；消耗磨损；消耗2.当eachandeach,everyandevery,noandno,manyaandmanya.等结构做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题nNomanandnoanimalistobefoundonthem

6、oon.n在月球上没有发现人和动物。nManyadoctorandmanyanurseisbusywiththeirwork.n许多医生和护士都在忙于他们的工作。以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题3.由由notonlybutalso,eitheror,neithernor,or等连接等连接的并列主语，谓动通常依据的并列主语，谓动通常依据就就近原则近原则。以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题n4.当主语后面跟有由asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan等引导的从属结构时，随后的动词形式依据主语主语本身的单、复数形式而定。以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题5.当主语由asw

7、ellas,alongwith,togetherwith,ratherthan,nolessthan,but,except,inadditionto,like,including,besides等词连接时，其谓动的单复数形式通常由这些词语前的名这些词语前的名词词来决定。以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题nAnironandsteelworks,withsomesatellitefactories,istobebuilthere.nTheprofessor,togetherwithmanyofhisstudents,isenteringthemeetinghall.6.

8、一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓动应用复数。个不同的概念时，谓动应用复数。Ancient(古代）andmodernhistoryarethesubjectswearestudying.但如果表示的是同一概念时，谓动应用单数但如果表示的是同一概念时，谓动应用单数Thelastandmostdifficultlessonislesson14.TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor_askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were答案B.以并列结构作主

9、语的主谓一致问题不定代词做主语时的主谓一致1.不定代词不定代词each,another,theother,either,neither和由和由some,any,no,every+one/thing/body所构成的复所构成的复合代词做主语时，谓动用单数形式。合代词做主语时，谓动用单数形式。Neither of us has gone through regular training.Nobody wants to go there.Something has been done to end the strike.2.noneof+不可数名词不可数名词谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数形式；形式；n

10、oneof+可数名词可数名词谓语动词单谓语动词单复均可，复均可，none单独用，代表不可数名词，用单独用，代表不可数名词，用单数；代表复数时，可单可复。单数；代表复数时，可单可复。3.all做主语表示人时，谓动用复数；若表物，谓动则用单数。All is well that ends well.All are eager to reach an agreement.表示“全体”、“部分”等意义的词做主语时的主谓一致（补充）1.当主语是当主语是most,therest,thelast,theremainder等时，谓动应依据等时，谓动应依据of后后宾语的单复数而定。宾语的单复数而定。Three o

11、f us will go,the rest are to stay here.After the big fire,the remainder is nothing.2.当town,school,village等分别表示总称的“镇民”、“全体师生”、“村民”时，谓动用单复数均可。有时其前可用the或thewhole修饰。The whole school were/was sorry when she left.The whole town is/are in agreement about the plan.“the+形容词/过去分词做主语的主谓一致“the+形容词/过去分词”表示一类人或事物

12、时，谓动用复数；若指某一抽象概念或个别人、事，则用单数。The sick here are very well cared for.The true is to be told from the false.thenumberof做主语时，谓动用单数；anumberof做主语时，谓动用复数。Thenumberofmistakes issurprising.Anumberofbooksaremissingfromthelibrary.补充1.肯定 +否定+V.(如果主语是由肯定与否定组合时，动词 与肯定主语一致。)e.g.It is I,not you,who am wrong.=It is I

13、 who am wrong,not you.2.地点副词（短语）+V.+主语（此为倒装句型）e.g.Among the guests was standing John.=John was standing among the guests.1.以who,why,how,whether或that引导的从句做主语时，谓动用单数。Whyshedidthisisnotknown.名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致2.and连接的两个名词性从句做主语，如表示两件事情，则谓动用复数。Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforitrema

14、inamysterytous.名词性分句作主语时的主谓一名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致致n3.在以what从句作主语的”主系表“结构中，主句的谓动要以表语名词的单复数而定。nWhatcausedtheaccidentisacompletemystery.nWhathisfatherlefthimareafewEnglishbooks.n4.在what从句所引导的”主系表“结构中，若从句中具有两个以上的动词，主句中谓动应用复数。WhatIsayandthinkarenoneofyourbusiness.名词性分句作主语时的主谓一名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致致5.如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意

15、义，比如what-分句的动词和补语都是复数，那么主句动词也可用复数。6.由howandwhy,whenandwhere引导的从句做主语时，谓动仍用单数。Whenandwherewewillhavethemeetinghasnotbeendecided.非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题1.动词不定式、-ing分词形式做主语，谓动用单数。TolearnEnglishwellisdifficult.2.以两个由and连接的并列非限定分句做主语，如表示两件事情，谓动用复数；如果指的是一件事，动词用单数。Readingthreeclassicalnovelsandmakingsomesocialinves

16、tigationsareassignmentsforthestudentsduringtheholiday.定语从句中的主谓一致问题n定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式通常依照先行词的形式而定。先行词 +which +V.(动词与先行词一致)thate.g.I,who am your friend,should help you.e.g.I will employ a boy who understands English.“one of+复数名词+定语从句“结构中的主谓一致1.在“oneof+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，定语从句中的谓动常依照语法一致原则用复数。Thisisoneofthero

17、omsthatweredamagedinthefire.2.在”theonlyoneof+复数名词+定语从句“结构中，定语从句的谓动仍用单数。MaryistheonlyoneoftheyoungestgirlswhoisstudyingthemajorofInternationalLawinthisuniversity.分裂句中的主谓一致在分裂句“It is +主语+that+V.(此为强调句句型)”，动词与主语一致。nItisJimwhoisgoingtodoit是吉姆去做这项工作。nItisIwhoamtoblame应受责备的是我。n但在非正式语体中，此分裂句中心成分可用宾格代词me，这时

18、，随后的that一分句动词通常用第三人称单数。例如：ItismethatistoblameItismethatwasinjuredintheaccident在事故中受伤的是我。存在句中的主谓一致n在here,there 引导的存在句中，谓语动词与其后面的实义主语一致。一般说来，实义主语是单数，动词也用单数，实义主语是复数，动词也是用复数。nThere is a big lake in the centre of the city城市的中心有一个大湖。nThere are three rooms left还剩三间房。n当用作实义主语的名词词组是个并列结构时，采用就近原则决定谓语动词的形式。nTh

19、ere is a pen,two pencils and some books on the desk.nThere are two pens ,a pencil and some books on the desk.注意 1）morethanone+单数单数N.+单形单形V.2)more+复数复数N.thanone+复形复形V.3）morethantwo(three,)+复数复数N.+复形复形Ve.g.More than one student is punished.More students than one are punished.More than two white roses

20、have bloomed.注意n1）“a/an+单名+ortwo”大多接单数谓语：“oneortwo+复名”接复数谓语。nOnlyawordortwois(are)needed.只需说一两句。nOneortworeasonsweresuggested.提出一两条理由。n2）“a/an+单名+andahalf”常接单数谓语；“oneandahalf+复名”也是多接单数谓语。nAyearandahalfhaspassed.一年半已过去了。nOneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.桌子上还有一个半香蕉。(英语辅导报高教版2003-2004学年度第9期,第5面)n1.Al

21、l the Presidents Men_oneoftheimportantbooksforhistorianswhostudytheWatergateScandal.(2007TEM4-52)nA.remainB.remainsC.remainedD.isremainingn2.Theresearchrequiresmoremoneythan_.(2007TEM4-61)nA.havebeenputinB.hasbeenputinC.beingputinD.tobeputinn3.Thestatistics_thatlivingstandardsintheareahaveimproveddr

22、asticallyinrecenttimes.(2006TEM4-62)nA.provesB.isprovingC.areprovingD.proveBBDn4.Mr.Wells,togetherwithallthemembersofhisfamily,_forEuropethisafternoon.(2004-61)nA.aretoleaveB.areleavingC.isleavingD.leaven5.Itisfutiletodiscussthematterfurther,because_goingtoagreeuponanythingtoday.(2003-60)nA.neithery

23、ounorIareB.neitheryounormeisnC.neitheryounorIamD.neithermenoryouaren6.ofthetwinswasarrested,becauseIsawbothatapartylastnight.(2002-42)nA.NoneB.BothC.NeitherD.Alln7.Evenasagirl,_tobeherlife,andtheateraudiencesweretobeherbestteacher.(2001-42)nA.performingbyMelissawerenB.itwasknownthatMelissasperforman

24、ceswerenC.knowingthatMelissasperformanceswerenD.MelissaknewthatperformingwasCCCD倒装一一.全部倒装全部倒装n1.在在there,here引导的句子中，谓语是引导的句子中，谓语是be,exist等表示状态的不及物动词。如：等表示状态的不及物动词。如：Herearecoatsforyoungpeople这有年轻这有年轻人穿的大衣。人穿的大衣。n2在副词在副词nowthenthus引导的句子里，谓语引导的句子里，谓语是是come,follow,begin,end等。等。na.Thereisadictionaryonthe

25、desk.桌上有本字典。nb.Herecomesthebus!公共汽车来了!全部倒装全部倒装nNote:n如主语为人称代词,不用倒装结构。例如:na.Hereshecomes.她来了。nb.Hereitis.在这儿（或这就是）。1.Then_theCivilWar.A.didfollowB.followedC.doesfollow D.following2.There_atthetopofthehill.A.standsaweatherstationB.aweatherstationstandsC.doesaweatherstationstandD.isaweatherstationstand

26、全部倒装全部倒装3.用于某些表示地点的介词词组作句首状语的句子，谓语是come,be,stand,sit,lie等动词的句子里。nIn this chapterwillbefoundapartialanswer.nFrom the valleycameatinklingsound,asoothingmoo,thelullofalienvoices.nOn the other side of the roadwasstandingLily全部倒装全部倒装4.用于以表示处所,声音等义的副词开头的句子(out,in,up,down,away)。用表示运动的不及物动词（如go,come,rush,fl

27、y等）作谓语时，为了表达生动，可将某些副词放在句首，谓语动词放在主语之前，形成倒装结构。例如：a.Awayflewthepigeons.鸽子飞了。b.Bangwentthefirecracker.鞭炮砰的一声响了。c.Thedoorburstopenandinrushedthecrowd.全部倒装全部倒装Note:如果主语是人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置则不变，只将副词放在句首。如：Outherushed.他冲了出去。3.Roundandround_.A.flewtheplaneB.theplaneflewC.didtheplaneflyD.wastheplaneflying4.Up_.A.h

28、isballwentB.wentitC.didhegoD.hecame全部倒装全部倒装n在不带if的虚拟条件状语从句,谓语动词是be的句子里。如：nWereIinyourposition,Iwouldaskhimaboutthematter我要是处于你那样的位置，我就要问问他这件事。部分倒装n是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。部分倒装1.当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，一般引起局部倒装。常见的词和短语有：hardly,little,never,not until,rarely,

29、seldom,innoway,atnotime,innocase,bynomeans,hardly(scarcely/barely)when,nosoonerthan等5.Notasingleword_atthemeetingsofar.A.didshesayB.saidsheC.hasshesaidD.shehassaid6.Seldom_anymistakesduringmypastfewyearsofworkinghere.A.wouldImakeB.didImakeC.IdidmakeD.shallImake部分倒装2.句首状语若由“only+副词”、“only+介词词组”、“only

30、+状语分词”构成，也可引起局部倒装。nOnlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.nOnlythroughsheerluckdidhemanagetogetsometickets.nOnlybecausethereweresomecancelledbookingsdidhegetsometicketsintheend.nOnlybyworkinghardcanwesucceed.n注意：Only如不在句首，或only修饰的不是状语，则不倒装。如：nThecontractwassignedonlyafterbitternegotiations.

31、n只有在艰苦的谈判以后，合同才得以签署。n（改成倒装：Onlyafterbitternegotiationswasthecontractsigned.）nOnlytheseniorstaffareallowedtousethisroom.n只许资深的职员使用这个房间。nOnlyfivepassengerssurvivedtheaccident.n事故中只有五位旅客生存了下来。7.Onlybypractisingafewhourseveryday_beabletouseit.A.youcanB.canyouC.youwillD.willyou8.Onlywhenhesawit,_believew

32、hatIsaid.A.hedidB.hewillC.didheD.hewould9.Onlyinthisway_theproblems.A.youcansolveB.canyousolveC.yousolveD.didyousolve3.notonlybutalson当notonlybutalso句式的notonly部分置于句首时，前一个分句中的主谓要采用部分倒装，第二个分句则不倒装。n_snacksanddrinksbuttheyalsobroughtcardsforentertainmentwhentheyhadapicnicintheforest.A.Notonlytheybrought

33、nB.NotonlydidtheybringC.NotonlybroughttheynD.Notonlytheydidbringn(答案为B)4.notuntiln当notuntil句式转换成notuntil且置于句首时，其后的主句部分习惯上要用倒装语序(与一般疑问句形式相同)。nNotuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcenturydidmanknowwhatheatis.n直到19世纪初，人们才知道热是何物。n在复合句中，只有主句用倒装，until引导的从句不倒装。如：nNotuntilheloseshishealthwillhegiveupdrinking.他直到失去

34、健康才会戒酒。10.NotuntilIbegantowork_howmuchtimeIhadwasted.A.didntIrealizeB.didIrealizeC.IdidntrealizeD.Irealized11._enteredtheofficewhenherealizedthathehadforgottenhisreport.A.HehardlyhadB.HadhehardlyC.HardlyhadheD.Hardlydidhe12.Bynomeans(一点也不一点也不)_succeedingettingthefirstplace.A.theycanB.cantheyC.theyco

35、uldD.havethey5.用于以副词so,neither,nor开头,表示“某人也这样”一类概念的句子。1)so用于肯定句，代替上文中的形容词，名词或动词,通常指前面所说的肯定情况也适用于其他人(或物)，结构为:So+be,do,have其他助动词或情态动词其他助动词或情态动词+主语主语.例如:IcanspeakEnglish.Socanmybrother.我会说英语。我弟弟也会。nProductionisgoingup,andsoisthepeoplesstandardofliving.n生产不断发展，人们的生活水平也一样。nSocietyhaschangedandsohavethepe

36、opleinit.n社会变了，社会上的人也变了。nCoalisundertheground,andsoisoil.煤在地底下，石油也是。nHesawit,andsodidI.他看见了，我也看见了。Note:如果不是表示情况的适合，而是表示对前面的句子内容的同意或肯定，则不能用倒装句。例如：Heisagoodteacher,soheis.他是个好老师，他的确是。部分倒装n2)neither,nor用于否定句，通常指前面所说的否定情况，也适用于其他人（或物），结构为：nNeither(nor)+be,do,have其他助动词或情态动词+主语。例如：nYoucantdoit,neither/norc

37、anI.n你不能做这件事，我也不能。ne.g.IhaventbeentoNewWorkbeforeandneitherhasmysister.n“Didyouseethat?”“No”“NeitherdidI”.nNor用于否定句中，承接前面的语气进行进一步否定。但是注意，这里的否定的事情一般和前边的并不一致，这一点和neither的用法是不同的。ne.g.Hecannotsee,norcouldhehearuntilonemonthago.nSheisntrich,nordoIimaginethatsheeverwillbe.nIwontarrivetoday.Nortomorrow.Not

38、e:nnor是连词，neither既是连词又是副词nIcantanswer,butneithercanI.n考试中neither和nor同时出现时，通常考得是neither的副词用法。CAn1.Themessageisclear:Justasteaandbananacantgotogether,_shouldthesonofalow-classfamilyexpecttomarrythedaughterofanobleman.A.eitherB.notC.neitherD.norn2.Wedontneedairconditioning,_.nA)norcanweafforditnB)andno

39、rwecanafforditnC)neithercanafforditnD)andwecanneitherafford13.Mybrotherhadabadcoldlastweek,andso_.A.didIB.hadIC.wasID.Idid10.“DoyouknowJimquarreledwithhisbrother?”“Ididntknow,_.”A.nordontIcareB.nordoIcareC.Idontcareneither D.Idontcarealso14.Heisagoodstudent,andworksveryhard,_.A.soitiswithherB.sodoes

40、sheC.soisheD.neitherdoesshe6.So/Suchthat的倒装形式在So(such)that结构中，如果so或such在句首，通常也会用倒装结构。例如:a.SobusywasIthatIhadnotimetohavelunch.我太忙了，没时间吃午饭。b.Such(=sohot)wastheweatherthatIcouldnotgoout.天太热了，我没法出门。c.Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.d.Tosuchanextentdidthetemperaturerisethat

41、the fireman had to leave the burninghouse.15._thathecouldntspeak.A.SoangryhewasB.SoangrywasheC.SuchangrywasheD.Sowasheangry16.Such_.A.wasthathesaidB.waswhathesaidC.werewhathesaidD.iswhathesaid7.用于以were,had,should等词开头的虚拟条件句（即省略了if的虚拟条件句）例如：a.HadIknownitearlier,Iwouldnothavemadethemistake.假如我早知道这件事，我就

42、不会出错了。b.Wereshehere,wewouldbeabletogetsomegoodadvice.要是她在这儿，我们就能得到些好建议。c.ShouldyougotoShanghaiwithme,letmeknow.如果你要和我去上海，就告诉我。17._itraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffvisitingBeijing.A.WereB.ShouldC.WouldD.Will18._hardatcollege,youwouldhavegotabetterjob.A.IfyouworkedB.DidyouworkC.HadyouworkedD.Youhadwo

43、rked8.在某些表达祝愿的句子里用倒装，例如：a.Mayyousucceed!祝你成功！b.Sobeit!但愿如此！9.英语中有的让步状语从句可用as,though等引起的倒装结构表示，其结构为:“形容词（副词，动词，分词形容词（副词，动词，分词)+as(though)+主语主语+谓语谓语”。a.Youngthoughsheis,sheiscourageous.她虽然年纪小，但却很勇敢。b.MuchasIlikeplayingfootball,Ilikeswimmingbetter.我虽然很喜欢踢足球，但我更喜欢游泳。n nChildas/thoughheis,heknowsalot.Chi

44、ldas/thoughheis,heknowsalot.n n倒装部分为可数名词单数时，倒装部分为可数名词单数时，倒装部分为可数名词单数时，倒装部分为可数名词单数时，不加冠词不加冠词不加冠词不加冠词“a”a”但如果但如果但如果但如果 这个名词这个名词这个名词这个名词 前面有形容词前面有形容词前面有形容词前面有形容词 修饰时修饰时修饰时修饰时,则要加则要加则要加则要加冠词冠词冠词冠词n nAlittlechildasheis,heknowsalot.Alittlechildasheis,heknowsalot.19._,hewontstoptohavearest.A.Asheistired B.TiredasheisC.TiredalthoughheisD.Howeverheistired20._,motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.A.Howeverlateishe B.HoweverlateheisC.Howeverishelate D.Latehoweverheis