第三章简单凯恩斯模型精选文档.ppt
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1、第三章简单凯恩斯模型本讲稿第一页,共九十九页思考题思考题国民收入国民收入(产出或产出或GDP)由什么决定?由什么决定?本讲稿第二页,共九十九页第一节第一节 均衡产出均衡产出一,假设一,假设:1、家户和企业家户和企业2、总需求变动时,只会引起产量变动,总需求变动时,只会引起产量变动,使供求相等,而不会引起价格变动。使供求相等,而不会引起价格变动。本讲稿第九页,共九十九页KeynesianKeynesian Range RangeAggregate OutputAggregate OutputThe Assumption Of Fixed PricesIntermediateIntermediat
2、e Range RangeClassicalClassical Range RangePricePriceLevelLevelPotential OutputPotential Output本讲稿第十页,共九十九页The ImplicationThe fixed price assumption allowed Hansen and Samuelson to develop a Keynesian model readily distinguishable from the aggregate supply-aggregate demand model.本讲稿第十一页,共九十九页The Key
3、nesian Model4545 Aggregate ExpendituresAggregate ExpendituresReal GDP,OutputReal GDP,OutputAE=C+I+G+XAE=C+I+G+X二,均衡产出:和总需求相等的产出。二,均衡产出:和总需求相等的产出。IUOIU0100100本讲稿第十二页,共九十九页第二节,消费函数理论第二节,消费函数理论本讲稿第十三页,共九十九页Aggregate ExpendituresTotal spending or“aggregate expenditures”may be represented algebraically b
4、y the equation:AE=Consumption+Investment+Government Expenditures+Net ExportsThe aggregate expenditures curve is simply the vertical summation of these four components.本讲稿第十四页,共九十九页Aggregate ExpendituresAggregateAggregateExpendituresExpenditures4545Income(GDP)Income(GDP)ExpendituresExpenditures本讲稿第十五
5、页,共九十九页Aggregate Expenditures4545Income(GDP)Income(GDP)QQP PQQAggregateAggregateExpendituresExpendituresExpenditureExpenditures s本讲稿第十六页,共九十九页The Keynesian Expenditure FunctionTo fully understand how the Keynesian model works,we have to examine the major components of the Keynesian Expenditure Funct
6、ion:consumption,investment,government expenditures,and net exports.本讲稿第十七页,共九十九页ConsumptionThe largest component of aggregate expenditures.Accounts for almost 70%of total aggregate expenditures in the U.S.本讲稿第十八页,共九十九页本讲稿第十九页,共九十九页 Autonomous Consumption First,there is a level of consumption that oc
7、curs even if a person loses his or her job.This person will still be able to consume by dipping into savings.The level of consumption that occurs regardless of changes in ones income is called“autonomous consumption.”本讲稿第二十页,共九十九页Induced ConsumptionSecond,there is a level of“induced consumption”that
8、 will depend on the individuals disposable income.Disposable income is the amount of money you have left after paying taxes to the government.本讲稿第二十一页,共九十九页757580808585909095959393 1000100020002000300030004000400050005000600060000 06000600050005000400040003000300020002000100010000 0Disposable income
9、(billions of dollars)Disposable income(billions of dollars)Consumption(billions of dollars)Consumption(billions of dollars)4545Saving in Saving in 1993199345 reference line 45 reference line C=DIC=DIConsumption in Consumption in 19931993本讲稿第二十二页,共九十九页Marginal Propensity To ConsumeKeynes described th
10、is behavior in terms of a persons“marginal propensity to consume”or“marginal propensity to expend.”This“MPC”is simply the extra amount that people consume when they receive an extra dollar of disposable income.本讲稿第二十三页,共九十九页Marginal Propensity To SaveThe marginal propensity to save or the marginal p
11、ropensity to withdraw is simply the reciprocal of the MPC and it measures the extra amount people save when they receive an extra dollar of disposable income.本讲稿第二十四页,共九十九页An ExampleSome people may spend seventy five cents of every dollar of their disposable income and save 25 cents.What will be the
12、 MPC and what would be the MPS?本讲稿第二十五页,共九十九页An ExampleIn this case the marginal propensity to consume or MPC is.75 and the MPS is.25 In another situation,people may spend as much as 90 cents and save only ten cents of every dollar.In this case the MPC is.90 and the MPS.10本讲稿第二十六页,共九十九页MPS=5/20=0.25
13、MPS=5/20=0.25MPC=15/20=0.75MPC=15/20=0.75Disposable incomeDisposable incomeC CConsumptionConsumption C($15)C($15)DI($20)DI($20)Disposable incomeDisposable incomeConsumptionConsumptionS S S($5)S($5)DI($20)DI($20)本讲稿第二十七页,共九十九页 (1)(1)(2)(2)(3)(3)(4)(4)(5)(5)Disposable incomeDisposable incomeConsumptio
14、nConsumptionMarginal propensityMarginal propensityNet savingNet savingMarginal propensityMarginal propensity (after taxes)(after taxes)expenditures expenditures to consume to consume ($)($)to save to save ($)($)($)($)(MPC)(MPC)(4)=(1)-(2)(4)=(1)-(2)(MPS)(MPS)A A24,00024,00024,11024,110-110-110890/1,
15、000=0.89890/1,000=0.89110/1,000=0.11110/1,000=0.11B B25,00025,00025,00025,000 0 0850/1,000=0.85850/1,000=0.85150/1000=0.15150/1000=0.15C C26,00026,000+150+150750/1,000=0.75750/1,000=0.75250/1,000=0.25250/1,000=0.25D D27,00027,000+400+400640/1,000=0.64640/1,000=0.64360/1,000=0.36360/1,000=0.36E E27,2
16、4027,240+760+760590/1,000=0.59590/1,000=0.59F F27,83027,830+1,170+1,170GG30,00030,00028,36028,360+1,640+1,640本讲稿第二十八页,共九十九页 (1)(1)(2)(2)(3)(3)(4)(4)(5)(5)Disposable incomeDisposable incomeConsumptionConsumptionMarginal propensityMarginal propensityNet savingNet savingMarginal propensityMarginal prop
17、ensity (after taxes)(after taxes)expenditures expenditures to consume to consume ($)($)to save to save ($)($)($)($)(MPC)(MPC)(4)=(1)-(2)(4)=(1)-(2)(MPS)(MPS)A A24,00024,00024,11024,110-110-110890/1,000=0.89890/1,000=0.89110/1,000=0.11110/1,000=0.11B B25,00025,00025,00025,000 0 0850/1,000=0.85850/1,0
18、00=0.85150/1000=0.15150/1000=0.15C C26,00026,00025,85025,850+150+150750/1,000=0.75750/1,000=0.75250/1,000=0.25250/1,000=0.25D D27,00027,00026,60026,600+400+400640/1,000=0.64640/1,000=0.64360/1,000=0.36360/1,000=0.36E E28,00028,00027,24027,240+760+760590/1,000=0.59590/1,000=0.59410/1,000=0.41410/1,00
19、0=0.41F F29,00029,00027,83027,830+1,170+1,170530/1,000=0.53530/1,000=0.53470/1,000=0.47470/1,000=0.47GG30,00030,00028,36028,360+1,640+1,640本讲稿第二十九页,共九十九页What It Looks LikeIt can be expressed in an equation,a table or a graph.Algebraically,then,we can represent the Keynesian consumption function simp
20、ly as follows:c=a+MPC*YdTotal consumption,c,equals autonomous consumption,a,plus induced consumption where induced consumption equals the MPC times Yd.本讲稿第三十页,共九十九页The Consumption Functionslope=MPCConsumption(C)Consumption(C)Disposable Income(YDisposable Income(Yd)Consumption function(C=$50+0.75YD)$
21、40035030025020015010050050100150200250300350400450A本讲稿第三十一页,共九十九页Consumption消费函数:说明消费及其决定因素间的关系消费函数:说明消费及其决定因素间的关系消费函数:说明消费及其决定因素间的关系消费函数:说明消费及其决定因素间的关系决定因素:可支配收入、利率、对物价膨胀的预期、收入分决定因素:可支配收入、利率、对物价膨胀的预期、收入分决定因素:可支配收入、利率、对物价膨胀的预期、收入分决定因素:可支配收入、利率、对物价膨胀的预期、收入分配状态等,其中最重要的是可支配收入配状态等,其中最重要的是可支配收入配状态等,其中最重要
22、的是可支配收入配状态等,其中最重要的是可支配收入凯恩斯基本心理法则:一般而言,人们的消费随者他们所得凯恩斯基本心理法则:一般而言,人们的消费随者他们所得凯恩斯基本心理法则:一般而言,人们的消费随者他们所得凯恩斯基本心理法则:一般而言,人们的消费随者他们所得的增加而增加,但消费的增量低于所得的增量。的增加而增加,但消费的增量低于所得的增量。的增加而增加,但消费的增量低于所得的增量。的增加而增加,但消费的增量低于所得的增量。简单消费函数:简单消费函数:简单消费函数:简单消费函数:c=a+bY c=a+bYd d a a 0,00,0b1bb=MPC本讲稿第三十三页,共九十九页储蓄函数与储蓄倾向储蓄
23、函数与储蓄倾向储蓄函数概念储蓄函数概念 储蓄函数储蓄函数Saving Function储蓄与收入之间的依存关系。储蓄与收入之间的依存关系。递增函数。递增函数。ss(y)本讲稿第三十四页,共九十九页储蓄倾向储蓄倾向边际储蓄倾向边际储蓄倾向Marginal Propensity to Save增加的储蓄在增加的收入中所占比例。增加的储蓄在增加的收入中所占比例。平均储蓄倾向平均储蓄倾向 Average Propensity to Save 总储蓄在总收入中所占比例总储蓄在总收入中所占比例。本讲稿第三十五页,共九十九页线性储蓄函数线性储蓄函数边际储蓄倾向(随收入增加而增加)边际储蓄倾向(随收入增加而增
24、加)随收入增加而增加随收入增加而增加本讲稿第三十六页,共九十九页s0s=a+(1b)yy线性储蓄函数线性储蓄函数 APS递增,递增,MPS不变不变APSMPS本讲稿第三十七页,共九十九页s0s=s(y)y储蓄曲线储蓄曲线平均储蓄倾向递增,边际平均储蓄倾向递增,边际储蓄倾向递增储蓄倾向递增APSMPSAPS0A本讲稿第三十八页,共九十九页消费函数与储蓄函数的关系消费函数与储蓄函数的关系 ca+by s=a+(1b)y c+s=a+bya+yby=y ycs APCAPS1 ycs MPCMPS1本讲稿第三十九页,共九十九页消费函数与储蓄函数的关系消费函数与储蓄函数的关系c、s045。y a ac
25、c(y)ss(y)yc+s本讲稿第四十页,共九十九页结论结论1、消费函数和储蓄函数是互补的;、消费函数和储蓄函数是互补的;2、APC和和MPC都随收入的增加而递减,且都随收入的增加而递减,且APCMPC;APS和和MPS都随收入增加而递增,且都随收入增加而递增,且APSMPS;3、APC+APS=1 MPC+MPS=1本讲稿第四十一页,共九十九页影响消费与储蓄的因素影响消费与储蓄的因素利率利率对未来的预期对未来的预期消费者保有的流动性资产与其他资产的数量消费者保有的流动性资产与其他资产的数量物价水准物价水准消费信用的条件与数量消费信用的条件与数量收入分配的状态收入分配的状态本讲稿第四十二页,共
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