第10章几何光学精选PPT.ppt
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1、第10章几何光学1第1页,此课件共73页哦Section 1.Refraction at a Spherical Surface Section 1.Refraction at a Spherical Surface Section 2.The lensSection 2.The lensSection 3.The eye Section 3.The eye Section 4.The Magnifier and MicroscopeSection 4.The Magnifier and MicroscopeSection 5.The Special Microscope and Fibers
2、copesSection 5.The Special Microscope and Fiberscopes2第2页,此课件共73页哦1.Refraction at a Spherical Surface2.Coaxial SystemSection 1.Refraction at a Spherical Surface Section 1.Refraction at a Spherical Surface 3第3页,此课件共73页哦systemlawn1n2uvobjectimagerCr球面折射系统1.Refraction at a spherical surface 1.Refractio
3、n at a spherical surface Object distance Image distance refractive indexradius of curvature4第4页,此课件共73页哦n1n2uvobjectimagerCrn1i1i2APParaxial condition,i1 i2 analyze球面折射系统1.Refraction at a Spherical Surface 1.Refraction at a Spherical Surface 5第5页,此课件共73页哦 discussCondition:Paraxial beamWe adopt the f
4、ollowing rules:1、When the object is on the same side of the refracting surface as the incoming light,the object distance u is positive;otherwise it is negative.球面折射系统1.Refraction at a Spherical Surface 1.Refraction at a Spherical Surface 2、When the image is on the same side of the refracting surface
5、 as the outgoing light,the image distance v is positive;otherwise it is negative.6第6页,此课件共73页哦1.Refraction at a spherical surface1.Refraction at a spherical surface 3、When the center of curvature C is on the same side as the outgoing light,the radius of curvature is positive;otherwise it is negative
6、.Dioptric power(D)R:metersA quantity of describing the ability of refraction For the refractive system :(diopter)7第7页,此课件共73页哦n1n2CrPrimary focal pointF1f1Primary focal length1.Refraction at a Spherical Surface1.Refraction at a Spherical Surface 8第8页,此课件共73页哦n1n2Crsecondary focal point F2f2 secondar
7、y focal length球面折射系统9第9页,此课件共73页哦focusPrimary focal pointPrimary focal length Secondary focal pointSecondary focal lengthImage is at the infinityObject is at the infinityFocal degree 球面折射系统(diopter-D)10第10页,此课件共73页哦System If a optical system is made up of many refractive spherical surface,and all th
8、e center of curvature of refractive surface is on a line ,then we call the system is coaxial system.The line which joins all the center of curvature is called principal optic axis.球面折射系统2.Coaxial system11第11页,此课件共73页哦2.Coaxial systemApplying the methods of single spherical refraction in turn,the obj
9、ect for the second surface being the image formed by the first.12第12页,此课件共73页哦Analyze 光线经前一个折射面所成的像,是下一个折光线经前一个折射面所成的像,是下一个折射面的物,对于系统中的多个折射面,如此依次射面的物,对于系统中的多个折射面,如此依次成像,即可得到最后的像。成像,即可得到最后的像。Attention 前一像作为下一折射面的物时,是实物前一像作为下一折射面的物时,是实物(real object)还是虚物还是虚物(virtual object)仍对近轴光线成立仍对近轴光线成立球面折射系统2.Coaxi
10、al system13第13页,此课件共73页哦Example A glass ball(n=1.5)which diameters is 20cm.A object is put at the place of 40cm before the sphere.Where is the image?To the first refractive surface n11.0,n21.5,u140cm,r10cm,60cm 14第14页,此课件共73页哦To the second refractive surface u2(60-20)40cm,n11.5,n21.0,r10cm,11.4cm15第
11、15页,此课件共73页哦1.The Thin-lens Equation2.The Combination of the thin lens3.The Thick lens4.The cylindrical lens5.Lens AberrationsSection 2 The lens Section 2 The lens 16第16页,此课件共73页哦LensBe made up of two coaxial refractive surfaceIncluding(converging lens and diverging lens)Two refractive surface are a
12、ll spherical surfaces,or one is spherical surface,another one is plane。The distance on the optic axis between the two refractive surface is lens thicknessThin lens The lens thickness is negligible in comparison with the object distance and the image distance Thick lens薄透镜1.The thin-lens Equation17第1
13、7页,此课件共73页哦1).The lines through the center of the lens dont change direction.2).The parallel light lays with the axis pass through the focal point after refraction;3).The light rays through focal point is parallel with the Axis after refraction。FOF薄透镜Basic imaging law about thin lens18第18页,此课件共73页哦
14、u=u1 v=v2 n2 n1可得可得薄透镜Form Imaging equation about thin lens 19第19页,此课件共73页哦To the first refractive surface To the second refractive surface u=u1 n1 v=v2 v1=u2+薄透镜20第20页,此课件共73页哦 u=u1 v=v2 n1 v1=u2+n1n2薄透镜 Gauss Equation about thin-lens 21第21页,此课件共73页哦Focal length n1=1,in the air n represents the ref
15、ractive index of the material of thin lens,then the focal lengthSign convention:凸球面对着入射光线,凸球面对着入射光线,r取正号取正号凹球面对着入射光线,凹球面对着入射光线,r取负号取负号薄透镜Principal quantity about thin lens22第22页,此课件共73页哦Converging lensDiverging lens r1 0 r2 0 r1 0 f 0薄透镜23第23页,此课件共73页哦Dioptric power 表示透镜的折光本领表示透镜的折光本领unit:diopter (屈
16、光度)屈光度)通常所说的眼镜的度数等于屈光度的通常所说的眼镜的度数等于屈光度的1/100倍倍1屈光度屈光度=100度度D越大,系统的折光能力越强越大,系统的折光能力越强薄透镜24第24页,此课件共73页哦.单向放大率单向放大率(复习内容)(复习内容)uABAB FOFv又叫长度放大率又叫长度放大率薄透镜(lateral magnification)25第25页,此课件共73页哦Example 10-3p191(板书讲板书讲)26第26页,此课件共73页哦 The coaxial system is made up of two or more thin lens。DefinitionsCons
17、tructImaging in turn Equation薄透镜2.The combination of thin lens 27第27页,此课件共73页哦To the first lensTo the second lens u=u1 v=v2 v1=-u2+薄透镜28第28页,此课件共73页哦Example 10-4 (重点重点)(板书讲板书讲)p19229第29页,此课件共73页哦3 3、Thick LensThick Lens1).Concept of thick lens2).Imaging law30第30页,此课件共73页哦The term thick lens means ei
18、ther a single lens whose thickness is not negligible in comparison with the object distance and the image distance,or any combination of lens such as a corrected camera lens.Thick lens1).ConceptThin lens31第31页,此课件共73页哦 对每一个单球面,依次应用单球面系统的成像规对每一个单球面,依次应用单球面系统的成像规律;律;利用共轴系统的基点概念利用共轴系统的基点概念把透镜看做是一个体把透镜看
19、做是一个体系,定义这个系统的三对基点,只要知道这三对基点的系,定义这个系统的三对基点,只要知道这三对基点的位置,就可以用作图法解决成像问题位置,就可以用作图法解决成像问题;Thick lens方法一方法一方法二方法二*计算法解决一些成像问题。计算法解决一些成像问题。-Imaging equation方法三方法三2).Imaging law32第32页,此课件共73页哦a).Two focal point 调整光源在主光轴上的位置,使其光束通过厚透镜后变调整光源在主光轴上的位置,使其光束通过厚透镜后变为平行光,这时点光源所在的位置就称为共轴系统的第一主为平行光,这时点光源所在的位置就称为共轴系统
20、的第一主焦点焦点F1。平行于主光轴的光束,通过系统折射后与主光轴相交平行于主光轴的光束,通过系统折射后与主光轴相交于一点,称为共轴系统的第二主焦点于一点,称为共轴系统的第二主焦点F2。The primary principal focal pointF1The secondary principal focal pointF2Thick lens33第33页,此课件共73页哦b).Two principal points 通过通过F1的入射光线的延长线与出射光线的反向延长的入射光线的延长线与出射光线的反向延长线交于线交于A1点,过点,过A1点所做的垂直于主光轴的平面称点所做的垂直于主光轴的平面
21、称为共轴系统的第一主平面,第一主平面与光轴的交为共轴系统的第一主平面,第一主平面与光轴的交点点H1就称为共轴系统的第一主点。就称为共轴系统的第一主点。平行于主光轴的入射光线与其射出线的反向平行于主光轴的入射光线与其射出线的反向延长线的交点,决定了系统的第二主平面,第二延长线的交点,决定了系统的第二主平面,第二主点。主点。F1F2H1A1H2Thick lens34第34页,此课件共73页哦 不管光线在厚透镜中经过怎样曲析的路径,在不管光线在厚透镜中经过怎样曲析的路径,在效果上可以看作只在主平面上发生折射。效果上可以看作只在主平面上发生折射。F1F2H1H2 通过一个主平面上任一点的光线,一定通
22、过通过一个主平面上任一点的光线,一定通过另一主平面上的对应点。另一主平面上的对应点。Thick lens Two principal points 35第35页,此课件共73页哦c).Two nodal points There are another two points N1 and N2,called nodal points which are similar as the optical center of thin lens that rays pass through them without deviated as in next fig.Here QN1 is paralle
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