Francis Bacon弗朗西斯培根 课件.ppt
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1、FrancisBacon弗朗西斯培根课件Literary WorksPoetryProseEpicPoetryLyricPoetryDramaticPoetryFictionNon-fictionEssays,journals,documentaries,scientificpapers,photographs,biographies,textbooks,technicaldocumentation,usermanuals,diagramsTypesthetermessaiwasfirstappliedbyMontaigne.Itisarelativelyshortliterarycompos
2、itioninprose,inwhichawriterdiscussesatopicortriestopersuadethereadertoacceptaparticularpointofview.EssayFrancisBacon(1561-1626)philosopher,scientist,statesman and essayistContributionsa.Toscience:Headvocatesthatscienceshouldbebasedonobservationandexperimentationandintroducesascientificmethod(inducti
3、vemethod)ofdoingresearch.b.HeintroducedtheessayasaliteraryformintoBritishliterature.Stylea.plain,vivid,logical,concise,smoothandstraightforwardb.fullofphilosophyc.hetendstouseLatinquotationsorclassicalanecdotesinhisessays.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinp
4、rivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Of Studies读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。其怡情也
5、,最见于独处幽居之时;其博其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其博采也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,采也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹,全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。筹,全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffecta
6、tion;tomakejudgmentonlybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholar.读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接,而书中所示,如不后知如何修剪移接,而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。以经验范之,则又大而无当。Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience;fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudyandstu
7、diesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawis
8、domwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.读书时不可存心诘难读者,不可尽信书上读书时不可存心诘难读者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。思。Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddiges
9、ted;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksare,likecommondistilled
10、waters,flashythings.书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只需读则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只需读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏,高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏,淡而无味。淡而无味。读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强,不常确
11、。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知。始能无知而显有知。Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathed
12、othnot.读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理学使人庄重,逻辑密,科学使人深刻,伦理学使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩;凡有所学,皆成性格。修辞之学使人善辩;凡有所学,皆成性格。Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.Abeunt studia in morse.Nay,thereisnostondnorimpedimentinthewit
13、,butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies:likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.人之才智但有滞碍,无不可读适当之书使人之才智但有滞碍,无不可读适当之书使之顺畅,一如身体百病,皆可借相宜之运之顺畅,一如身体百病,皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾,射箭利胸肺,慢步动除之。滚球利睾肾,
14、射箭利胸肺,慢步利肠胃,骑术利头脑,诸如此类。利肠胃,骑术利头脑,诸如此类。Soifamanswitbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen;fortheyarecyminisectores.Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponet
15、hingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyerscases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.如智力不集中,可令读数学,盖演题需全如智力不集中,可令读数学,盖演题需全神贯注,稍有分散即须重演;如不能辩异,神贯注,稍有分散即须重演;如不能辩异,可令读经院哲学,盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人;可令读经院哲学,盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人;如不善求同,不善以一物阐证另一物,可如不善求同,不善以一物阐证另一物,可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷,令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷,皆有特效可医。皆有特效可
16、医。Of Marriage and Single LifeHethathathwifeandchildren,hathgivenhostagestofortune;fortheyareimpedimentstogreatenterprises,eitherofvirtue,ormischief.夫人之有妻儿也不啻已向命运典质,从此难成夫人之有妻儿也不啻已向命运典质,从此难成大事,无论善恶。大事,无论善恶。兴大业,立大功,往往系未婚无儿者所为,兴大业,立大功,往往系未婚无儿者所为,彼辈似已与公众结亲,故爱情产业并以付之。彼辈似已与公众结亲,故爱情产业并以付之。Certainly,thebestw
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