13虚拟语气 (2).ppt

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1、13 13 虚拟语气虚拟语气定义定义虚虚拟拟语语气气（the Subjunctive Mood）表表示示说说话话人人的的一一种种愿愿望望、建建议议、命命令令、要要求求，有有时时是是一一种种非非真真实实的的假假设设、料料想想，或或是是不不可能实现的、与事实相反的愿望。可能实现的、与事实相反的愿望。陈陈述述语语气气（the Indicative Mood）用用来来陈陈述述一一个个事事实实，或或提提出出一个想法，有肯定、否定、疑问和感叹等形式。一个想法，有肯定、否定、疑问和感叹等形式。考点考点1.条件句中的虚拟语气的用法条件句中的虚拟语气的用法/倒装；倒装；2.名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法；名词性从句

2、中虚拟语气的用法；3.几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法；几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法；4.虚拟语气与陈述语气的判定。虚拟语气与陈述语气的判定。主要形式主要形式(1)与现在事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：与现在事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：从句：从句：过去时过去时 主句：主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形动词原形 If I were you,I would ask our teacher for advice.如如果果我我是是你你的话，我就去请教老师了。的话，我就去请教老师了。(2)与过去事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：与过去事实相反的非

3、真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：从从句句：过过去去完完成成时时 主主句句：would/should/could/might have+过过去分词去分词If I hadnt taken the wrong bus,I wouldnt have missed the contest.如果我没有乘错车，我就不会不参加竞赛了。如果我没有乘错车，我就不会不参加竞赛了。(3)与将来事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：与将来事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：从句：从句：过去时过去时/should+动词原形动词原形/were to+动词原形动词原形主句：主句：would/should/could/

4、might+动词原形动词原形If I had enough money next month,I would buy a copy of “The Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English”.如如果果我我下个月有足够的钱，我就会买一本下个月有足够的钱，我就会买一本现代高级英语学习词典现代高级英语学习词典。if 引导的虚拟条件句区别区别:If it rains tomorrow,the crops will be saved.陈述语气陈述语气If it rained tomorrow,the crops would be saved.虚拟语气

5、虚拟语气与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句If+主主+did(were),主主+would/should/could/might+动词原形动词原形1.如果我是你，我会再试一次。如果我是你，我会再试一次。If I were you,I would try it again.2.如果我有一百万美元，我会买下这架飞机。如果我有一百万美元，我会买下这架飞机。If I had one million dollars,I would buy the plane.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句If+主主+had done sth.,主主+would/should/co

6、uld/might+动词完成式（动词完成式（have done）1.如果他努力学习的话，他就会通过这次考试了。如果他努力学习的话，他就会通过这次考试了。If he had worked hard,he would have passed the examination.2.要是当时我和她结了婚的话，那我是很不幸的。要是当时我和她结了婚的话，那我是很不幸的。If I had married her then,I would have been unhappy.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句(通常有时间状语通常有时间状语)If+主主+did(were to/should do

7、),主主+would/should/could/might+动词原形动词原形1.如果他明天来的话如果他明天来的话,我会告诉他这件事。我会告诉他这件事。If he came here tomorrow,I would tell him about it.2.如果他明天来的话如果他明天来的话,我会告诉他。我会告诉他。If he were to come here tomorrow,I would tell him.条件状语的倒装：条件状语的倒装：如果条件状语中有如果条件状语中有were,had,should时时,可以倒装成：可以倒装成：Were/Should/Had+主主+其他其他If I wer

8、e you,I would try it again.Were I you,I would try it again.If he had been there yesterday,he would have seen the film.Had he been there yesterday,he would have seen the film.If it should snow tomorrow,we wouldnt go out.Should it snow tomorrow,we wouldnt go out.wish引导的虚拟句引导的虚拟句wish+thatHow I wishIf o

9、nlydid/were 现在现在had done 过去过去would/might/could do 将来将来(1)我要是记得地址就好了。（真可惜我忘了）我要是记得地址就好了。（真可惜我忘了）I wish I remembered the address.(2)要是他没有离开这里就好了。（他已离开）要是他没有离开这里就好了。（他已离开）How I wish he had not left.(3)要是明天下雨就好了。（说话人已预料到明天不会下雨）要是明天下雨就好了。（说话人已预料到明天不会下雨）I wish it would rain tomorrow.If only 要是要是就好了就好了=I w

10、ish（1）If only I knew his name now!（2）If only we had followed your advice last time!（3）If only I could see him again next year!（4）要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。）要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。If only our parents could live with us!（5）要是我没错过火车就好了要是我没错过火车就好了.If only I hadnt missed the train!as if/though区别：区别：He speaks Englis

11、h as if/though he is from the USA.陈述语气陈述语气He speaks English as if/though he were from the USA.虚拟语气虚拟语气2.as if/though+Clause现在：现在：过去：过去：将来将来:did/werehad donewould+动词原形动词原形She loves the baby as if it were her own son.He speaks as if he had been to the United States.时间时间条件从句条件从句 if主句主句过去过去had donewould

12、/should/could/might have done现在现在did/werewould/should/could/might do将来将来1.should do2.were to do3.dideven if/though,wish,if only等从句的虚拟与它等从句的虚拟与它相同。相同。虚拟语气虚拟语气 the Subjunctive Mood1.如果我是你，我就听从他的建议。如果我是你，我就听从他的建议。If I were you,I would have taken his advice.从句表示现在，主句表示过去从句表示现在，主句表示过去2.如果你听我的话，现在就不会这么糟糕了

13、。如果你听我的话，现在就不会这么糟糕了。If you had listened to me,you might not be in such trouble now.从句表示过去，主句表示现在从句表示过去，主句表示现在3.如果这些天一直没下雨，我们现在就可以进行工作了。如果这些天一直没下雨，我们现在就可以进行工作了。If it hadnt been raining these days,we should be going on with the work.从句表示过去进行，主句表示现在进行从句表示过去进行，主句表示现在进行注意注意:主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟

14、语气(混合条件句混合条件句):有有时时条条件件从从句句中中的的动动作作和和结结果果与与主主句句中中的的动动作作、发发生生的的时时间间不不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。If you hadnt lent me some money,I couldnt have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.假假若若你你不不借借钱钱给给我我，我我不不可可能能买买下下这这幢幢新新房房，很很可可能能现现在

15、在还还住住在危房里。在危房里。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。）（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。）名词性从句中要求用虚拟语气的动词表表示示“建建议议，命命令令，要要求求”等等意意义义时时，名名词词性性从从句句用用(should)动词原形。动词原形。(1)建建议议：动动词词advise,suggest,propose,recommend(名名词词advice,suggestion,proposal,recommendation)(2)命令：名词命令：名词order,command(3)要要求求：动动词词request,require,demand,ask,insist(名名词词reque

16、st,requirement,demand)【注意注意】(1)suggest 意为意为“表明，暗示表明，暗示”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。(2)insist 意意为为“坚坚持持认认为为，坚坚持持说说”时时，宾宾语语从从句句不不用用虚虚拟拟语语气。气。I wish(that)宾语从句宾语从句(虚拟语气虚拟语气)(1)表示愿望表示愿望与现在事实相反，与现在事实相反，从句用一般过去时。从句用一般过去时。(2)表示表示愿望与过去事实相反愿望与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。，从句用过去完成时。(3)表表示示愿愿望望实实现现的的可可能能性性很很小小，从从句句常常用用could/m

17、ight/would 动词原形。动词原形。would rather/prefer that从句从句(从句用虚拟语气从句用虚拟语气)(1)表示愿望与现在事实相反，从句用一般过去时。表示愿望与现在事实相反，从句用一般过去时。(2)表示愿望与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。表示愿望与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。注意：注意：名名词词性性从从句句表表示示说说话话人人“强强烈烈”的的感感情情色色彩彩时时，从从句句用用should 动动词词原原形形/should have done，should 可可译译为为“应应该该；居居然然，竟然竟然”。should 可以省略。可以省略。虚拟语气特殊句型1.woul

18、d rather that现在：现在：过去：过去：未来：未来：过去时过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去时过去时（1）I would rather you paid me now.（2）I would rather you had gone,too.（3）Dont come.I would rather you came tomorrow.注意注意:在主语在主语would(had)rather that 宾语从句中，从句谓宾语从句中，从句谓语一般语一般用过去用过去式表示虚拟形式。例如式表示虚拟形式。例如:（1）我真希望你告诉我真相。我真希望你告诉我真相。Id rather you told me t

19、he truth.（2）我宁愿不再见到你。我宁愿不再见到你。Id rather I didnt see you again.（3）我倒希望他们和我一起去。我倒希望他们和我一起去。I would rather they went with me.注注意意：如如果果表表示示的的事事情情可可能能会会发发生生，那那么么状状语语从从句句中中的的谓谓语语动动词可用陈述语气。词可用陈述语气。It looks as if you are tired.2.Its(about/high)time+that 过去时过去时should+v.（1）你该走了。）你该走了。Its high time that you we

20、nt.Its high time that you were going.Its high time that you should go.（2）我们该去睡觉了。）我们该去睡觉了。Its time that we went to bed.Its time that we should go to bed.3.without和和but for 构成虚拟。构成虚拟。but for要不是要不是Without sunlight,peoples life would be different from today.But for your help,I wouldnt have finished the

21、 work.Without your help,I would have failed.But for water,it would be impossible to live in the desert.4.If only(1)要是要是就好了就好了=I wishIf only our parents could live with us!要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。If only I hadnt missed the train!要是我没错过火车就好了！要是我没错过火车就好了！(2)=as long as 常用陈述语气常用陈述语气.We can

22、 surely overcome these difficulties if only we are closely united.如果我们紧密团结就一定能战胜一切困难。如果我们紧密团结就一定能战胜一切困难。5.Its necessary/strange/natural/important+thatClause 从从句中的动词要用虚拟，即（句中的动词要用虚拟，即（should）+动词原形动词原形如：如：It is important that we(should)master a foreign language.It is strange that she refuse to come to

23、 the party.Its necessary that we should study hard.6.otherwise 和和supposing也可以引导虚拟语气。例如：也可以引导虚拟语气。例如：（1）The storm stopped,otherwise the sailors would have fallen into the sea.（2）Im getting cold,otherwise I would keep her.（3）Suppose(Supposing)your friends knew how you are behaving here,what would they

24、 think?7.so that 与与in order that 二二者者引引导导的的目目的的状状语语从从句句谓谓语语部部分分应应该该用用may/might/can/could,etc.+动词原形动词原形如：如：（1）She stayed at home for a few days so that she might have more time to study it.（2）She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.（3）He went to the station in a

25、 taxi so that he should not miss the train.8.用用“may+动词原形动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首须置于句首May good luck be yours!祝你好运！祝你好运！May you be happy!祝你快乐！祝你快乐！May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！祝你取得更大成就！Long live the people!人民万岁！人民万岁！“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！愿上帝保佑你！”含蓄条件句 非真实条件句中的条件从句

26、有时不表现出来，只暗含在非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表现出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况情况:1.条件暗含在短语中。条件暗含在短语中。如：如：（1）What would I have done without you?(条件暗含在分词短语条件暗含在分词短语without you中中)（2）It would be easier to do it this way.(条件暗含在不定式短语条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way 中中)（3）But for your help we coul

27、dnt have succeeded in the experiment.(暗含条件是暗含条件是but for your help)（4）This same thing,happening in wartime,would lead to a disaster.(条件暗含在分词短语条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime中中)（5）He must have the strength of a hippopotamus,or he never could have vanquished that great beast.(暗含条件是连词暗含条件是连词or)（6）Alone,he

28、 would have been terrified.(暗含条件是暗含条件是alone)2.条件暗含在上下文中。如：条件暗含在上下文中。如：（1）You might stay here forever.(可能暗含可能暗含if you wanted to)（2）We would have succeeded.(可能暗含可能暗含if we had kept trying)（3）Your reputation would be ruined.(可能暗含可能暗含if you should accept it)（4）I would appreciate a little of your time.(可能

29、暗含可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time)3.在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。条件。如：如：You wouldnt know.你不会知道。你不会知道。I would like to come.我愿意来。我愿意来。I wouldnt have dreamed of it.这是我做梦也不会想到的。这是我做梦也不会想到的。He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eyewitness.他将那事讲得非常仔细，简直就像他他将那事讲得非常仔细，简直就像他亲眼看见一样亲眼看见一样。