英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件.ppt

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1、Chapter 2Phonetics Phonology认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目1.Inroduction n n(1)Phonetics and phonology are very useful.With some phonetic knowledge we can give a much more precise description to speech sounds.And with some phonological knowledge we can become more aware o

2、f the functions of sounds in different languages.More importantly,phonetics and phonology have made the greatest contribution to“teaching”machines to“talk”.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n n(2)Linguistics is only interested in speech sounds.Sounds made by a human being bu

3、t not used in language are not considered as speech sound,e.g.coughing,vomitting,snoring.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目2.Phoneticsn nPhonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.It studies the characteristics of human sound-making,particularly the s

4、ounds used in speech,and provides methods for their transcription,description and classification.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 n nThree branches of phonetics:n n(1)Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 is the study of how speech sounds are produced.n n(2)Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学

5、 studies how speech sounds are perceived by the hearer.n n(3)Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 studies the transmission of speech sounds through the air.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nOur primary interest will be in articulatory phonetics.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫

6、工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Speech organs/Articulatorsn nThe articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas:n nThe pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 the throat;n nThe oral cavity 口腔 the mouth.The speech organs located in this cavity are the tongue,the soft palate,the hard palate,the teeth

7、 ridge,the teeth and the lips;n nThe nasal cavity鼻腔 the nose.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目3.IPA and broad vs.narrow transcription n nThe The international international phonetic phonetic alphabetalphabet IPAIPA system system was was devised devised by by the the Interna

8、tional International Phonetic Phonetic Association Association in in 1988 1988 and and has has undergone undergone a a number number of of revision revision since since then.then.The The basic basic principle principle of of the the IPA IPA is is using using one one letter letter selected selected f

9、rom from major major European European languages languages to to represent represent one one speech speech sound.sound.The The application application of of the the phonetic phonetic symbols is universal to all languages.symbols is universal to all languages.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作

10、高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nBroad transcription 宽式标音:the transcription with letter-symbols only.n nNarrow transcription 严式标音:the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics变音符.Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters

11、 alone may possibly do.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目4.Classifications of English speech sounds n nQuestion:n nAnalyze the important features of vowels and consonants.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n n(1)Classification of consonantsn n In term

12、s of manner of articulation,English consonants can be classified into the following types:认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nStops/plosives 塞音/破裂音n nFricatives 擦音n nAffricates 塞擦音n nLiquids 流音:llateral边音 rretroflex卷舌音n nNasals 鼻音n nGlides/semi-vowels 滑音/半元音认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才

13、能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nIn terms of place of articulation,English consonants can be classified into the following types:认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 n nBilabial Bilabial 双唇音双唇音n nLabiodentalLabiodental 唇齿音唇齿音n nDental Dental 齿音齿音n nAlveolarAlveola

14、r 齿龈音齿龈音n nPalatal Palatal 腭音腭音n nVelar Velar 软腭音软腭音n nGlottal Glottal 喉音喉音认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n n(2)Classification of vowelsn n Vowels can be classified into monophthongs单元音 and diphthongs双元音.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nMonoph

15、thongs can be classified according to:n nA.the position of the tongue in the mouth:n nfront vowelsn ncentral vowelsn nback vowels认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nB.the openness of the mouth:n nclose vowelsn nsemi-close vowelsn nsemi-open vowelsn nopen vowels认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原

16、因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n n C.the shape of the lips:n nunrounded vowelsn nrounded vowelsn nD.the length of the vowels:n nlong vowelstense vowel紧元音n nshort vowelslax vowels松元音 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目5.Phonologyn nPhonology studies how speech s

17、ounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.n nQuestion:n nHow does phonology differ from phonetics?认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Phone音音 素素,phoneme音音 位位,and allophone音位变体音位变体 n nA phone is a phonetic unit

18、 or segment.The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.n nQuestion:n nCan a phone distinguish meaning?认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nand,at,add,lead,tell,tenHow many phones are there in the above words?How many phonemes?认识到了贫困户

19、贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nA phoneme is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.It is an abstract unit.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nThe different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments

20、 are called the allophones of that phoneme.E.g.,clear l and dark l are allophones of the phoneme/l/in English;aspirated p and unaspirated p are allophones of the phoneme/p/in English.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Phonemic contrast音音 位位 对对 立立,complementary distribution互互补

21、补分分布布,and minimal pair最小对立体最小对立体n nIf two phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes,they are said to form a phonemic contrast.n nQuestion:n nDo/f/and/v/form a phonemic contrast?How about/f/and/k/?认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nIf they are allophones of t

22、he same phoneme,they do not distinguish meaning,but complement each other in distribution.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nA minimal pair is a pair of words which differ from each other only by one sound.And the two different sounds must occur in the same position.认识到了贫困

23、户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nQuestions:n n1.Do ran and rang form a minimal pair?How about lead and leave,why and high,bought and but,peek and keen,seed and soup?认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n n2.What is a minimal set?n nDo rap,rack,ratch,ram,r

24、an,and razz form a minimal set?How about heed,hid,head,hard,hoard,heard,hood,and hide?认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目6.Some rules in phonology n n(1)Sequential rules 序列规则n nSequential rules are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.n nThe ru

25、les governing the phonological patterning are language specific.What is not permissible in English might be permissible in another language.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n n(2)Assimilation rule 同化规则n nThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“coping”a fea

26、ture of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 indiscreet The consonant following n is an alveolar stop.n ninconceivable The consonant following n is a velar stop.n ninput The consonant following n is a bilabial stop.n nAno

27、ther example is the various forms of the negative prefix in-in different words.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n n(3)Deletion rule 省略规则n nThe deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来

28、国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目7.Suprasegmental features超切分特征超切分特征 n nThe phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features.n n(1)Stress n nThe location of stress in English distinguishes meaning.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n n(2

29、)Tonen nThe meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages.n n(3)Intonation 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Read the following tongue-twisters or ditties.n nShe was a thistle sifter and sifted thistles through a thistle siev

30、en nThe sixth sheikhs sixth sheeps sickn nI can think of six thin things and of six thick things toon nAround the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nDid you eever iver ever in your leaf life loafn nSee the deevil divil devil kiss his weef

31、wife woaf?n nNo,I neever niver never in my leaf life loafn nSaw the deevil divil devil kiss his weef wife woaf.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nShe sells sea-shells on the sea-shore.n nThe shells she sells are sea-shells I am sure,n nFor if she sells sea-shells on the se

32、a-shoren nThen I am sure she sells sea-shore shells.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目n nA flea and a fly in a fluen nWere imprisoned,so what could they do?n nSaid the flea,“let us fly”n nSaid the fly,“let us flee”n nSo,they flew through a flaw in the flue.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目