剩余收益模型(39页PPT).pptx

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1、Accrual Accounting and Accrual Accounting and Valuation:Pricing Book Valuation:Pricing Book Values-Values-Residual Earnings ModelResidual Earnings Model权责发生制与价值评估权责发生制与价值评估:账面价值定价账面价值定价-剩余收益模型剩余收益模型C Ch ha ap pt te er r5 5 公司在进行交易时，价格并非是账面价值。资产负债表中的资产和负债有的是公允价值，有的是历史成本，还有一些则被从资产负债表中删除。这就导致分析家们忽略了从资产

2、负债表中删除的价值。分析家们会问：到底在账面价值的基础上增加多少才是固有的价值？每支股票在交易时基于账面价值的溢价到底是多少？本章提出的剩余收益模型解决了分析家们的困惑。C Ch ha ap pt te er r5 5 结结构构P/BP/B 简单模型简单模型剩余收益模型剩余收益模型 复杂模型复杂模型 Equities Equities剩余收益模型的应用剩余收益模型的应用 Prijects Prijects Stategies Stategies剩余收益模型的优点、缺点剩余收益模型的优点、缺点剩余收益模型对投资者的提醒剩余收益模型对投资者的提醒总结总结 本本本本章章章章重重重重要要要要专专专专业

3、业业业英英英英文文文文词词词词汇汇汇汇residual earnings or residual income:剩余收益residual earnings model:剩余收益模型premium:溢价price-to-book ratio(P/B):市净率rate of return on common equity(ROCE):普通股本回报率terminal investment:终端投资going concern investment：持续投资withdrawl:撤回；提款forecast horizon:预测期间fiscal years:会计年度share issue：发行股票earni

4、ngs per share(EPS):每股收益dividends per share(DPS):每股股利discounted cash flow method(DCF):现金流量折现法continuing value（CV）:持续价值P P/B B r ra at ti io o P/B P/B 公式：公式：P/BP/B与剩余收益、剩余收益模型的两个驱动因素都有与剩余收益、剩余收益模型的两个驱动因素都有密切的联系。同时，提醒投资者：密切的联系。同时，提醒投资者：Beware of Beware of paying too much for earnings!paying too much fo

5、r earnings!剩余收益模型剩余收益模型剩余收益模型剩余收益模型(简单简单简单简单)1.什么是剩余收益？定义：Residual earnings is the earnings in excess of these required dollar earnings.公式:2.剩余收益模型是什么？定义：A model that measures value added from forecasts of residual earnings is called the residual earnings model.公式：value=Book value+Premiumvalue=Book

6、value+Premium =Book value+present value of expected =Book value+present value of expected r residual earnings.esidual earnings.Example:Example:Valuing a One-Period Project(1)Valuing a One-Period Project(1)Investment$400Required return 10%Revenue forecast$440Forecasted earnings$40 DCF Valuation:A rat

7、e of return of 10 percent on the investment of$400.E Ex xa ammp pl le e:V Va al lu ui in ng g a a OOn ne e-P Pe er ri io od d P Pr ro oj je ec ct t (2 2)Investment$400Required return 10%Revenue forecast$448Earnings forecast$48A rate of return of 12 percent on the investment of$400.The project adds v

8、alueExample:Example:Valuing a Savings AccountValuing a Savings AccountForecasts for a Savings Account with$100 invested at the end of 2000.Earning5%per year.Value=Book Value+Present Value of Residual Earnings =100+0 =100T Th he e N No or rmma al l P Pr ri ic ce e-t to o-B Bo oo ok k R Ra at ti io oN

9、ormal P/B=1.0(Price=Book Value)The Normal P/B firm earns an expected rate of return on its book value equal to the required returnThe Normal P/B firm earns expected residual earnings of zero.L Le es ss so on ns s f fr ro omm t th he e S Sa av vi in ng gs s A Ac cc co ou un nt t 从储蓄账户这个例子得到一些准则，这些准则在

10、将要介绍的模型中也是适用的。1.An asset is worth a premium or discount to its book value only if the book value is expected to earn non-zero residual earnings.2.Residual earnings techniques recognize that earnings growth does not add value if that growth comes from investment earning at the required return.3.Even

11、though an asset does not pay dividends,it can be valued from its book value and earnings forecasts.4.The valuation of the savings account does not depend on dividend payout.The two scenarios have different expected dividends,but the same value.5.The valuation of a savings account is unrelated to fre

12、e cash flows:The two accounts have the same value,but different free cash flow.E Ex xa ammp pl le e:a a S Si immp pl le e MMo od de el lIn millions of dollars.Required return is 10%per year.Forecast Year 0 1 2 3 4 5Earnings 12.0012.3612.7313.1113.5113.91Dividends 9.09 9.36 9.64 9.93 10.2310.53Book v

13、alue 100.00103.00 106.09109.27112.55 115.93RE(10%charge)2.362.43 2.50 2.58 2.66RE growth rate 3%3%3%3%.$133.71 million The intrinsic price-to-book ratio(P/B)is$133.71/$100=1.34.剩余收益模型（复杂）剩余收益模型（复杂）剩余收益模型（复杂）剩余收益模型（复杂）An equity investment is a going concern,and a going concern goes on indefinitely.We

14、 calculate the intrinsic premium over book value,as the present value of forecasted residual income.This premium is the missing value in the balance sheet.P/B与RE的关系（见下表）High P/B firms pay high RE,on average,while low P/B firms pay low RE.Relation Between P/B Ratios and Subsequent RERelation Between

15、P/B Ratios and Subsequent RE(有问题有问题有问题有问题)Alternative Measure of Residual EarningsAlternative Measure of Residual Earnings Residual earnings is the return on common equity,expressed as a dollar excess return rather than a ratio.We also restate residual earnings as:剩剩剩剩余余余余收收收收益益益益模模模模型型型型的的的的驱驱驱驱动动动

16、动因因因因素素素素D Dr ri iv ve er rs s o of f R Re es si id du ua al l E Ea ar rn ni in ng gs sTwo Drivers:1.ROCE If forecasted ROCE equals the required return,then RE will be zero,and V=BIf forecasted ROCE is greater than the required return,then V BIf forecasted ROCE is less than the required return,then

17、V B2.Growth in book valueRE will change with change with ROCE and growth in book valueP P/B B,R ROOC CE E a an nd d GGr ro ow wt th h i in n B Bo oo ok k V Va al lu ue eP/B in 2003ROCE in 2004Growth Rate forBook Value in 2004The Gap Inc.4.2328.1%30.7%General Electric Co.4.1622.3%39.3%Verizon Communi

18、cations Inc.3.3223.4%12.2%Citigroup Inc.2.7917.4%11.5%Home Depot Inc.2.6219.2%13.2%General Motors Corp.1.1911.1%9.7%Federated Department Stores0.9212.0%3.1%ROCE is positively related to P/B.And growth in book value is also positively related to P/B.R ROOC CE E a an nd d P P/B B R Ra at ti io os s:S

19、S&P P 5 50 00 0 F Fi ir rmms sIngredients of the ModelIngredients of the Model1.The current book value2.Forecasts of residual earnings 3.Forecasted premium at the horizon Component 3 is called the continuing value.As efficient prices equal intrinsic values,thenSteps in Applying the ModelSteps in App

20、lying the Model1.Identify the book value in the most recent balance sheet.2.Calculate future residual earnings from the forecasts of earnings and book values.3.Discount the residual earnings to present value.4.Calculate a continuing value at the forecast horizon.5.Discount the continuing value to th

21、e present value.6.Add 1,3,and 5.How the Residual Earnings Model Works How the Residual Earnings Model Works ROCE1Current book valueROCE2Book value1ROCE3Book value2Year 3 aheadYear 2 aheadYear 1 aheadResidual earnings1Residual earnings2Residual earnings3Current book valueCurrent yearPV of RE1Discount

22、 by ForecastsPV of RE2PV of RE3Current book valueDiscount by 3Discount by 2Current Data 剩余收益模型的应用剩余收益模型的应用剩余收益模型的应用剩余收益模型的应用-Equities-Equities Case 1:Zero RE after TCase 1:Zero RE after T Flanigans Enterprises Inc.Required rate of return is 9 percent.In this case,residual earnings is expected to be

23、zero after 2003.Forecast Year1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Eps 0.73 0.80 0.71 0.47Dps 0.11 0.24 0.25 0.27Bps3.58 4.20 4.76 5.22 5.41ROCE 20.4%19.0%14.9%9.0%RE(9%charge)0.408 0.422 0.282 0.000Discount rate(1.09)1.09 1.188 1.295 1.412Present value of RE 0.374 0.355 0.217 0.000Total present value of RE to 2

24、003 0.95 Value per share 4.53Case 1:Zero RE after TCase 1:Zero RE after T-Continuing Value Continuing Value RE is forecasted to be zero in perpetuity at the horizon So The forecasted premium at the horizon isCase 2:Constant RE after TCase 2:Constant RE after T General Electric Co.Required rate of re

25、turn is 10 percent.In this case,residual earnings is expected to be constant,but nonzero after 2004.Suppose that RE beyond 2004 is going to be the same as the 0.882 in 2004.Forecast Year1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Eps 1.29 1.38 1.42 1.50 1.60Dps 0.57 0.66 0.73 0.77 0.82Bps4.32 5.04 5.76 6.45 7.18 7

26、.96ROCE 29.9%27.4%24.7%23.3%22.3%RE(10%charge)0.858 0.876 0.844 0.855 0.882Discount rate(1.10)1.100 1.210 1.331 1.464 1.611Present value of RE 0.780 0.724 0.634 0.584 0.548Total present value of RE to 2004 3.27Continuing value(CV)8.82Present value of CV5.48Value per share 13.07The continuing value:C

27、V=8.82 Present value of continuing value=5.48Assuming constant RE after period T:RE is forecasted to be constant in perpetuity at the horizonSoCase 2:Constant RE after TCase 2:Constant RE after T-Continuing ValueContinuing ValueFor GE,CVT=Case 3:Growing RE after TCase 3:Growing RE after TDell Inc.Re

28、quired rate of return is 11 percent.In this case,residual earnings is expected to grow at a 6.5 percentrate after 2005.Forecast Year2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Eps 0.84 0.48 0.82 1.03 1.18Dps 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Bps2.06 2.90 3.38 4.20 5.23 6.41ROCE 40.8%16.6%2 4.3%24.5%22.6%RE(11%charge)0.613 0.161

29、0.448 0.568 0.605 Discount rate(1.11)t 1.110 1.232 1.368 1.518 1.685Present value of RE 0.553 0.131 0.328 0.374 0.359Total present value of RE to 2005 1.75 Continuing value(CV)14.32Present value of CV 8.50Value per share 12.31 The continuing value(with growth at 6.5%):CV=14.32 Present value of conti

30、nuing value=8.50 Assuming growing RE after period T:Case 3:Growing RE after TCase 3:Growing RE after T-Continuing ValueContinuing ValueRE is forecasted to grow at constant rate in perpetuity at the horizonSo Forecasting Target PricesForecasting Target PricesCase 1(Flannigans)Case 2(GE)Case 3(Dell)剩余

31、收益模型应用剩余收益模型应用剩余收益模型应用剩余收益模型应用-Project Project Value added:PV of RE=330 (same as NPV)剩余收益模型应用剩余收益模型应用剩余收益模型应用剩余收益模型应用-Strategy EvaluationStrategy EvaluationResidual Earnings Model and DCF Residual Earnings Model and DCF ApproachApproach（！）（！）（！）（！）在前面的例子中，我们看到剩余收益模型计算的在前面的例子中，我们看到剩余收益模型计算的价值与现金流量折现法

32、计算的价值是相同的。价值与现金流量折现法计算的价值是相同的。The foercasts of RE have captuerd the value added over the cost of the investment.剩剩剩剩余余余余收收收收益益益益模模模模型型型型的的的的优优优优点点点点、缺缺缺缺点点点点 AdvantagesAdvantagesFocus on value drivers:focuses on profitability of investment and growth in investment that drive value;directs strategic

33、thinking to these driversIncorporates the financial statements:incorporates the value already recognized in the balance sheet(the book value)Uses accrual accounting:uses the properties of accrual accounting that recognize value added ahead of cash flows,matches value added to value given up and trea

34、ts investment as an asset rather than a loss of value Versatility:can be used with a wide variety of accounting principles(Chapter 16)Aligned with what people forecast:analysts forecast earnings(from which forecasted residual earnings can be calculated)Validation:forecasts of residual earnings can b

35、e validated in subsequent audited financial statementsPredictability:dividends are usually fairly stable in the short run so dividends are easy to forecast(in the short run)DisadvantagesDisadvantagesAccounting complexity:requires an understanding of how accrual accounting worksSuspect accounting:rel

36、ies on accounting numbers that can be suspect(Chapter 17)Forecast horizon:forecast horizons can be shorter than for DCF analysis and more value is typically recognized in the immediate future;also,forecasts up to the horizon give an indication of profitability and growth for a continuing value calcu

37、lation;but the forecast horizon does depend on the quality of the accrual accounting(Chapter 16)剩余收益模型对投资者的提醒：剩余收益模型对投资者的提醒：（1 1）Protection from Paying Too Much for Earnings Protection from Paying Too Much for Earnings Generated by InvestmentGenerated by Investment The firm is expected to make a sha

38、re issue of$50 in Year 1.Required return is 10 percent per year.Forecast Year 0 1 2 3 4 5Earnings12.0012.3617.7318.6119.5620.57Net dividends9.09(40.64)9.649.9310.2310.53Book value100.00153.00 161.09 169.77179.10 189.14RE(10%charge)2.36 2.43 2.50 2.58 2.66RE growth rate3%3%3%3%$133.71 million.Beware!

39、剩余收益模型对投资者的提醒：剩余收益模型对投资者的提醒：剩余收益模型对投资者的提醒：剩余收益模型对投资者的提醒：（2 2）Protection from Paying Too Much for Earnings Created Protection from Paying Too Much for Earnings Created by the Accounting:the Simple Exampleby the Accounting:the Simple Example Writing inventory down by$8 million in Year 0 creates lower-

40、cost-of-goods sold in Year 1:Forecast Year 0 1 2 3 4 5Earnings4.0020.3612.7313.1113.5113.91Dividends 9.09 9.369.649.9310.2310.53Book value92.00103.00106.09109.27112.55115.93RE(10%charge)11.162.432.502.582.66RE growth rate 3%3%3%=$133.71 million.Beware!剩剩剩剩余余余余收收收收益益益益模模模模型型型型对对对对投投投投资资资资者者者者的的的的提提提提

41、醒醒醒醒：（3 3）C Ca ap pt tu ur ri in ng g V Va al lu ue e N No ot t o on n t th he e B Ba al la an nc ce e S Sh he ee et t-f fo or r A Al ll l A Ac cc co ou un nt ti in ng g MMe et th ho od ds s Residual earnings valuation solves the problem of the imperfect balance sheet,adding a premium by foercasting

42、 the earnings that the book values will produce.The higher residual earnings compensate for the lower book values,to produce a valuation that corrects the low book value.This makes sense:If assets are missing from the balance sheet,the P/B ratio should be higher,and a higher P/B means that residual

43、earnings are expected to be higher.剩剩剩剩余余余余收收收收益益益益模模模模型型型型对对对对投投投投资资资资者者者者的的的的提提提提醒醒醒醒：(4 4)R Re es si id du ua al l E Ea ar rn ni in ng gs s A Ar re e n no ot t A Af ff fe ec ct te ed d b by y D Di iv vi id de en ng gd ds s,S Sh ha ar re e I Is ss su ue es s,o or r S Sh ha ar re e R Re ep pu ur rc

44、 ch ha as se es sValuing a Savings AccountProtection from Paying Too Much for Earnings Created by Investment.这两个例子就说明了这个问题！S Su ummmma ar ry y 本章提出的剩余收益模型可以应用于股票、项目、战略等。本章提出的剩余收益模型可以应用于股票、项目、战略等。该模型利用了资产负债表中的信息，但它指出了剩余收益的价该模型利用了资产负债表中的信息，但它指出了剩余收益的价值，这是报表所忽略掉的。值，这是报表所忽略掉的。剩余收益模型的核心就是剩余收益这个概念。当一项剩余收益

45、模型的核心就是剩余收益这个概念。当一项投资的预期收益是按所要求的回报率计算的，那么剩余收投资的预期收益是按所要求的回报率计算的，那么剩余收益为益为0 0，并且没有使价值增加。剩余收益不受股利分配、，并且没有使价值增加。剩余收益不受股利分配、股票的发行、股票的回购等地影响，所以用该模型计算的股票的发行、股票的回购等地影响，所以用该模型计算的价值不受股东交易的影响。该模型并且提醒投资不要为了价值不受股东交易的影响。该模型并且提醒投资不要为了追求收益的增长而支付太多，因为收益的增长可能是由于追求收益的增长而支付太多，因为收益的增长可能是由于过多的投资所致也可能是会计方法的不同所致。过多的投资所致也可

46、能是会计方法的不同所致。总之，剩余收益模型给我们提供了一种思考价值的方总之，剩余收益模型给我们提供了一种思考价值的方法，尤其要关注的是和法，尤其要关注的是和 Growth in book valueGrowth in book value。BEWARE OF PAYING TOO MUCH FOR GROWTH!1、每一个成功者都有一个开始。勇于开始，才能找到成功的路。11月-2211月-22Tuesday,November 8,20222、成功源于不懈的努力，人生最大的敌人是自己怯懦。19:01:5519:01:5519:0111/8/2022 7:01:55 PM3、每天只看目标，别老想障

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