英语语言学教程最新音标发音幻灯片.ppt

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1、英语语言学教程最新课件英语语言学教程最新课件音标发音音标发音第1页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds,but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system.We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.

2、第2页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived.第3页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds.Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics i

3、s concerned with the perception of speech sounds.第4页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages,and to explain the variations that occur.In phonology we normall

4、y begin by analyzing an individual language,say English,in order to determine its phonological structure,i.e.which sound units are used and how they are put together.Then we compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the u

5、se of sounds in them,and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages.第5页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二1.How speech sounds are made1.1 Speech organs第6页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第7页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第8页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Speech organs(vocal organs)(言语器官):those part of the

6、human body involved in the production of speechPart of the body that are involved in the production of speech:the lungs（肺），the trachea(气管),the throat（咽喉）,the nose and the mouthThe mouth:the tongue,the plate(腭)The throat:pharynx(upper)(咽),larynx(lower)(喉头)The vocal tract(声道):the pharynx,mouth,and nos

7、eThe mouth:the oral cavity(口腔)The nose:the nasal cavity(鼻腔)第9页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第10页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Speech organsThe vocal folds are either(a)apart,(b)close together,or(c)totally closed.Voiceless(清音清音):the vocal folds are apart,the air can pass easily p,s,tVoiced(浊音浊音):the vocal folds are close

8、together,the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other b,z,dGlottal stop(喉塞音喉塞音):the vocal folds are totally closed,no air can pass between them 第11页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Position of the vocal folds:voiceless第12页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Position of the vocal folds:voicing(initial&the widest apertur

9、e)第13页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Position of the vocal folds:glottal stop第14页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二发音器官的构造及其作用发音器官的构造及其作用世界上所有的声音都是物体振动产生的声波在介世界上所有的声音都是物体振动产生的声波在介质中传递的结果，因此声音的产生离不开振动的质中传递的结果，因此声音的产生离不开振动的动力、振动的源头和振动的共鸣腔。语音说到底动力、振动的源头和振动的共鸣腔。语音说到底也是一种声音，因而也离不开振动的动力、源头也是一种声音，因而也离不开振动的动力、源头和共鸣腔，只不过语音是由人类的发音器官各部和

10、共鸣腔，只不过语音是由人类的发音器官各部分协同动作所产生的，研究语音的产生，就必须分协同动作所产生的，研究语音的产生，就必须首先了解发音器官的构造和功能。首先了解发音器官的构造和功能。人类的发音人类的发音器官可以分为三大部分：呼吸器官、喉头声带与器官可以分为三大部分：呼吸器官、喉头声带与声腔（口腔、鼻腔与咽腔），我们详细介绍各部声腔（口腔、鼻腔与咽腔），我们详细介绍各部分的构造和功能。分的构造和功能。第15页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二发音器官的构造及其作用发音器官的构造及其作用 1 1 呼吸器官呼吸器官 呼吸器官主要包括肺、气管和支气管。肺部的收缩和呼吸器官主要包括肺、气管和支气管

11、。肺部的收缩和扩张可以产生呼气和吸气的气流变化，这种气流变化扩张可以产生呼气和吸气的气流变化，这种气流变化不仅为人类的生存提供氧气和二氧化碳的交换，而且不仅为人类的生存提供氧气和二氧化碳的交换，而且为语音的发出提供了振动的动力。世界上多数语言的为语音的发出提供了振动的动力。世界上多数语言的语音利用呼气作为动力，非洲有些语言还利用吸气发语音利用呼气作为动力，非洲有些语言还利用吸气发音。音。第16页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二发音器官的构造及其作用发音器官的构造及其作用2 2 喉头和声带喉头和声带 喉头由软骨构成，呈圆筒状，上接咽腔，下接气管，喉头由软骨构成，呈圆筒状，上接咽腔，下接气管

12、，喉头的外表就是喉结。喉头软骨构成的喉头的外表就是喉结。喉头软骨构成的 圆筒圆筒 中有一中有一对声带，声带是两片富有弹性的唇性肌肉，其前对声带，声带是两片富有弹性的唇性肌肉，其前后两端都粘附在软骨上。两片声带之间的空隙叫后两端都粘附在软骨上。两片声带之间的空隙叫声门，声门又可以分为音门和气门两部分。由于声门，声门又可以分为音门和气门两部分。由于肌肉的松弛紧缩和软骨的开合回转，声带可以放肌肉的松弛紧缩和软骨的开合回转，声带可以放松或拉紧，声门可以打开和关闭，从而产生不同松或拉紧，声门可以打开和关闭，从而产生不同的气流状态。的气流状态。声带的两小片肌肉可以在气流的冲声带的两小片肌肉可以在气流的冲击

13、下振动，这种振动产生了语音中的浊音。所以击下振动，这种振动产生了语音中的浊音。所以声带的主要作用是振动的源头之一声带的主要作用是振动的源头之一-浊音的音源。浊音的音源。第17页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二发音器官的构造及其作用发音器官的构造及其作用3 声腔声腔 声腔包括口腔、鼻腔和咽腔三部分。声腔包括口腔、鼻腔和咽腔三部分。口腔可分为上下两个部分，上面部分包括上唇、上齿、齿口腔可分为上下两个部分，上面部分包括上唇、上齿、齿龈、硬腭、软腭和小舌。齿龈是上腭前段凸出的部分，硬龈、硬腭、软腭和小舌。齿龈是上腭前段凸出的部分，硬腭是齿龈之后口腔上壁坚硬的部分，软腭是硬腭后面的柔腭是齿龈之后口

14、腔上壁坚硬的部分，软腭是硬腭后面的柔软部分。软腭后面连接的是小舌，软腭与小舌可以上下移软部分。软腭后面连接的是小舌，软腭与小舌可以上下移动。口腔的下面部分包括下唇、下齿和舌头。舌头是口腔动。口腔的下面部分包括下唇、下齿和舌头。舌头是口腔里最重要、最灵活的器官，它可以分为舌尖、舌叶、舌面里最重要、最灵活的器官，它可以分为舌尖、舌叶、舌面三部分。舌尖位于舌头的最前端，舌头自然平伸时，舌尖三部分。舌尖位于舌头的最前端，舌头自然平伸时，舌尖后面与齿龈相对的部分叫舌叶。舌叶之后的部分叫舌面，后面与齿龈相对的部分叫舌叶。舌叶之后的部分叫舌面，又可以分为前、中、后三部分。其中相对于硬腭的部分是又可以分为前、

15、中、后三部分。其中相对于硬腭的部分是舌面前和舌面中，相对于软腭的部分是舌面后，舌面后又舌面前和舌面中，相对于软腭的部分是舌面后，舌面后又可以叫舌跟。可以叫舌跟。第18页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二发音器官的构造及其作用发音器官的构造及其作用鼻腔位于口腔的上方，好像一个是楼上，一个是楼下，上腭就鼻腔位于口腔的上方，好像一个是楼上，一个是楼下，上腭就是楼板，而软腭带动小舌就像一扇活动的楼门。（解释：口音是楼板，而软腭带动小舌就像一扇活动的楼门。（解释：口音 鼻音鼻音 鼻化音）鼻化音）咽腔位于喉头的上面，是一个管状的三岔口，上通鼻腔，咽腔位于喉头的上面，是一个管状的三岔口，上通鼻腔，前通口

16、腔，下通喉头和食道。前通口腔，下通喉头和食道。在上述各发音器官中，有些器官如唇、舌、软腭、小舌、声带在上述各发音器官中，有些器官如唇、舌、软腭、小舌、声带等是能活动的，叫作主动发音器官；有些器官如上齿、齿龈、等是能活动的，叫作主动发音器官；有些器官如上齿、齿龈、硬腭等是不能活动的，叫作被动发音器官。我们发音的时候，硬腭等是不能活动的，叫作被动发音器官。我们发音的时候，常由主动发音器官向被动发音器官接触或靠近，让气流冲击产常由主动发音器官向被动发音器官接触或靠近，让气流冲击产生振动而发音。生振动而发音。声腔是人类最重要的发音器官，声腔中又以口腔及其中的各种器官声腔是人类最重要的发音器官，声腔中又

17、以口腔及其中的各种器官作用最大。作用最大。第19页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二The IPAThe International Phonetic Association(IPA)(标音法标音法)1897The International Phonetic Alphabet(the IPA chart)1888first versionThe latest version was revised in 1993 and updated twice in 1996 and 2005.CONSONANTS and VOWELS第20页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二The Inter

18、nationalPhonetic Alphabet(Revised to 2005)第21页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第22页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第23页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第24页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第25页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第26页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第27页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第28页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二2.Consonants and Vowels元音和辅音 The sound segments are grouped into consonant

19、s and vowels.Consonants are produced by a closure in the vocal tract,or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.A vowel is produced without obstruction of the air so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose.第29页，共112

20、页，编辑于2022年，星期二The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels,the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.第30页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二2.1 Consonants In the production of c

21、onsonants at least two articulators are involved.For example,the initial sound in bad involves both lips and its final segment involves the blade(or the tip)of the tongue and the alveolar ridge.The categories of consonant,therefore,are established on the basis of several factors.第31页，共112页，编辑于2022年，

22、星期二The manner of articulation refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished:the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period;they may narrow the space considerably;or they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.第32页，共112页

23、，编辑于2022年，星期二Stop(or Plosive)Oral&NasalFricative(Median)ApproximantLateral(Approximant)TrillTap or FlapAffricate第33页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二1)Stop(plosive)(塞音，爆破音塞音，爆破音):complete closure of the articulators involved p,b,t,d,k,g2)Fricative(擦音擦音):close approximation of two articulators so that the airstrea

24、m is partially obstructed f,v,s,z,h3)(Median)Approximant(中中)通音通音:an articulation in which one articulator is close to another,but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is producedw,r,j 第34页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二5)Lateral(边音边音):the obstruction of the airstre

25、am is at a point along the center of the oral tract,with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongu and the roof of the mouth l6)Trill/roll(颤音颤音/卷舌音卷舌音)：an articulator is set vibrating by the airstream r7)Tap and flap(闪音闪音)8）Affricate(塞擦音塞擦音):involve more than one of these manners of

26、articultation in that they consist of a stop followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation.第35页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二The place of articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made.Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the vo

27、cal folds.Eleven places of articulation are distinguished on the IPA chart:第36页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二BilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPostalveolarRetroflexPalatalVelarUvularPharyngealGlottal第37页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第38页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二1)Bilabial(双唇音):made with the two lips2)Labiodental(唇齿音):made with

28、the lower lip and the upper front teeth3)Dental(齿音):made by the tongue tip or blade and the upper front teeth4)Alveolar(齿龈音):made with the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge5)Postalveolar(后齿龈音):made with the tongue tip or the back of the alveolar ridge6)Retroflex(卷舌音):made with the tongue ti

29、p or blade curled back7)Palatal(腭音):made with the front of the tongue and the hard palate8)Velar(软腭音):made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate第39页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二9)Uvular(小舌音小舌音):made with the back of the tongue and the uvula10)Pharyngeal(咽音咽音):made with the root of the tongue and the

30、 walls of the pharynx11)Glottal(声门音声门音):made with the two pieces of vocal folds pushed towards each other第40页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二2.2 VowelsCardinal vowels(基本元音基本元音):First suggested by A.J.Ellis in 1844 a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined;provide a frame of reference for the description of th

31、e actual vowels of existing languages.represent extreme points of a theoretical vowel spaceThus,the cardinal vowel diagram in the IPA is a set of hypothetical positions for vowels used as reference points第41页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二based on a combination of articulatory and auditory judgments,the front,c

32、enter,and back of the tongue are distinguished,as are four levels of tongue height(the highest position,the lowest position and two intermediate levels).The system defines eight“primary”cardinal vowels:iea(unrounded)ou(rounded)第42页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第43页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第44页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Jone

33、s:An Outline of English Phonetics(1918)Black:IPARed:English第45页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Vowel glides(元音音渡）Pure/Monophthong vowels(纯元音或单元音):Vowels whose quality remains constant throughout the articulationVowel glides:Vowels where there is an audible change of qualityDiphthong(双元音):a single movement(way,ti

34、de,how,toy,toe)of tongue is involvedTriphthong(三重元音):a double movement(wire,tower)of tongue第46页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二2.3 The sounds of EnglishThe most common accent in the teaching of English:RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION(RP)(BBC English,Oxford English).It originates historically in the southeast of England a

35、nd is spoken by the upper-middles and upper classes throughout England.In the USA,the widely accepted accent used is GENERAL AMERICAN(GA)English consonants 第47页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第48页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Describe consonantsPlace of articulationManner of articulationVoicing Eg.p voiceless bilabial stop

36、 b voiced bilabial stop s voiceless alveolar fricative z voiced alveolar fricative第49页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二English vowels第50页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第51页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Four basic requirements for the description of vowels 1)the height of tongue raising(high,mid,low)2)the position of the highest part of

37、 the tongue(front,central,back)3)the length or tenseness of the vowel(tense vs.lax or long vs.short)4)lip-rounding(rounded vs.unrounded)第52页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二We can now describe the English vowels in this way:high front tense unrounded vowel high back lax rounded vowel mid central lax unrounded vow

38、el low back lax rounded vowel第53页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二3.From phonetics to phonologySpeech is a continuous process,so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps.Rather,sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.For example,map,lamb.第54页，共

39、112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Coarticulation and phonetic transcriptionPhonemesAllophones第55页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二3.1 Coarticulation(协同发音）Speech is a continuous process.Sounds may be influenced by their neighbors.(map,lamb)When such simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved,we call the process coartic

40、ulation.If the sound becomes more like the following sound(lamb),it is known as anticipatory coarticulation(逆化协同发音).If the sound displays the influence of the preceding sound(map),it is perseverative coarticulation(重复性协同发音).The former are more common than the latter.第56页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二The fact t

41、hat the vowel in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is a phenomenon we call nasalization.To indicate that a vowel has been nasalized,we add a diacritic to the top of the symbol,as.第57页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二p is aspirated in peak and unaspirated in speak.This aspirated voiceless bilabial stop

42、is thus indicated by the diacritic h,as ph,whereas the unaspirated counterpart is transcribed as p.第58页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription,it is called a broad transcription.The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narr

43、ow transcription.Both are phonetic transcriptions so we put both forms in square brackets .第59页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第60页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二3.2 Phonemes Phonology is not specifically concerned with the physical properties of the speech production system.Phoneticians are concerned with how sounds differ

44、 in the way they are pronounced while phonologists are interested in the patterning of such sounds and the rules that underlie such variations.第61页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Crystal:Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word or phrase,whereas oth

45、er sounds do not.Minimal pairs testPhonemes 第62页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Minimal pairs(最小对立体最小对立体):Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word.e.g.t and d:tin/din,tie/die i:and i:beat/bit,bead/bidThese important units are called phonemes 第63页，共1

46、12页，编辑于2022年，星期二第64页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二第65页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二MINIMAL PAIR：Two words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound(one phoneme)and which also differ in meaning.For example,the English words bear and pear are a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in t

47、heir initial phoneme/b/and/p/第66页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二The phoneme theoryPhoneme:units of explicit sound contrast,built on the idea of contrastLanguages differ in the selection of contrastive sounds.In English,the distinction between aspirated ph and unaspirated p is not phonemic.In Chinese,however,the

48、 distinction between/p/and/ph/is phonemic.第67页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二By convention,phonemic transcriptions are placed between slant lines(/),while phonetic transcriptions are placed between square brackets().In phonetic terms,phonemic transcriptions represent the“broad”transcription 第68页，共112页，编辑于2022年，

49、星期二3.3 Allophones p,ph are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme/p/.Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme.In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution because they never occur in the same context:p occurs after s while ph occu

50、rs in other places.第69页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二/p/p/s _ ph elsewhereThis phenomenon of variation in the pronunciation of phonemes in different positions is called allophony or allophonic variation.第70页，共112页，编辑于2022年，星期二Velarization:clear l and dark l/_ V /V _Think about tell and telling!第71页，共112页，编辑于20