KM知识管理的重要性9665.pptx
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1、Module Knowledge Management知识管理知识管理郭郭 咸咸 纲纲William X.GUOOutline of Topics(主题概要主题概要)Importance of knowledge management知识管理的重要性知识管理的重要性Origin and Definition起源和定义起源和定义Types of knowledge and modes of knowledge creation知识的类型和知识创造的方式知识的类型和知识创造的方式Knowledge creating companies知识创造型公司知识创造型公司Implementing knowl
2、edge management实施知识管理实施知识管理Importance of knowledge management(KM)(知识管理的重要性)知识管理的重要性)Knowledgeisaformofcapital.知识是资本的一种形式Thesingledifferentiatorthatislikelytolastisinnovation,andtherawmaterialofinnovationisknowledge如果将资本比喻成创新,那么知识就是创新使用的原料Knowledge+Creativity=Innovation知识创造创新Case-By1987,onlyfiveyears
3、afterCanonintroduceditsinnovativemini-copier74%ofthecompanysrevenuescamefromitsbusinessmachinesdivision例:佳能公司推出袖珍复印机5年后的1987年,公司74的收入来自商业机器分公司FormalKMisoriginatedinconsultingfirms真正的知识管理开始于咨询公司Definition(定义)定义)Knowledgemanagementistheprocessthathelpsorganizationsidentify,select,organize,andcaptureim
4、portantinformationandexpertisewithintheorganizationanddisseminateittowhereveritisneededtoenhanceorganizationaleffectivenessandinnovativepotential.知识管理是协助组织识别、选择、组织和获取组织中的重要信息及专门技术的过程,并且将获取的信息和专门技术应用到组织中,以提高组织效率和创新潜力ResearchonKnowledgeCreationpioneeredbyProfessorsNonacaandTakeuchiofJapan日本的Nonaca和Tak
5、euchi教授是研究知识创造的先驱Types of Knowledge and Modes of Knowledge Creation知识类型和知识创造的知识类型和知识创造的方式方式Types of Knowledge(知识的类型)知识的类型)Tacitknowledge-implicit,residesinexpertsheads,highlypersonal,difficulttocommunicate.内在知识隐藏、存在于专家的头脑中,非常私人的、很难交流。Explicitknowledge-formal,systematic,codified,publiclyavailable,and
6、canbeeasilycommunicatedandshared.E.g.,Productspecifications,scientificformula,computerprograms.外在知识正式、系统、成文、可用并且易于交流和共享。例如:产品规格、科学公式、计算机程序。Understanding Tacit Knowledge(理解内在知识)理解内在知识)PhilosopherMichaelPolanyi:Wecanknowmorethanwecantell.“哲学家MichaelPolanyi:”我们所知比所说要多。”Deeplyrootedinactionandinanindivi
7、dualscommitmenttoaspecificcontext行为和个人活动归根究底有其原因Amastercraftsmanhasawealthofexpertiseathisfingertips“,butisoftenunabletoarticulatethescientificortechnicalprinciplesbehindwhatheknows一个熟练的工匠拥有很多专业技术“在他的指尖”,但他常常不能与蕴藏在其后的知识和技术原理相结合。后续Understanding Tacit Knowledge(理解内在知识)理解内在知识)续前-Theactivitiesofaworkgro
8、uporteam-一个工作团体或团队的行为-Thekindofinformal,hard-to-pin-downskillscapturedinthetermknow-how.“-专门技术中非正式的、不受约束性技能的掌握Consistsofmentalmodels,beliefs,andperspectivessoingrainedthatwetakethemforgranted由智力模式、信念和观念组成,是根深蒂固的、我们必须赞同的Modes of Knowledge CreationTofrom Tacit Knowledge Explicit Knowledge Tacit Knowle
9、dgeSocializationExternalizationExplicit Knowledge InternalizationCombinationSocialization(Personalization)社会化(人性化)社会化(人性化)Fromtacittotacit从内在到内在Apprenticeshipandmentoring学徒和老师Jobrotationbetweendepartments部门间的工作轮换Cross-functionprojectteams项目组的职责交叉Internalization(内在化)内在化)Fromexplicittotacit从外在到内在Learn
10、ingbydoing(afterformaltrainingandexplicitinstructions)从作中学(在正式培训和指导后)Onthejobtraining在工作中锻炼Combination(联合)联合)Externalization(外在化)外在化)(Codification)(成文化)成文化)(Articulation)(清晰度)(清晰度)Fromtacittoexplicitprocessofcapturingandtransferringofexpertknowledge从内在到外在获取和转化专门知识的过程Askexpertstodeveloprulesandproces
11、sesbasedontheirowntacitknowledge要求专家在自身内在知识的基础上获取规则和方法Knowledgeengineersorsystemsanalystsinterviewexpertsandextracttheirexpertise知识工程师和系统分析师会见专家并吸取他们的技术后续Externalization(外在化)外在化)(Codification)(成文化)成文化)(Articulation)(清晰度)(清晰度)续前Employeesdocumentproblemsolvingprocessesandsolutionsonthejob员工记录工作中解决问题的方
12、法和方案Communityofpractice(ontheInternet),chatgroups,etc.实践社区(在Internet上)、交流团队等Four modes of knowledge creation at Matsushita Electric Company Matsushita电力公司的四种知识创造模式电力公司的四种知识创造模式IkukoTanakaapprenticedwithmasterbakertolearnhisskills(IkukoTanaka为熟练的面包师当学徒以学习技能)Shetranslatedthesesecretsintoexplicitknowle
13、dgethatshecancommunicatetoherteammembersandothersatMatsushita(她将这些秘密转化成外在知识,以与她的团队成员以及与Matsushita的其他团队交流)Theteamthenstandardizedthisknowledge,puttingittogetherintoamanualorworkbookandembodyingitinaproduct(团队将这些知识标准化,集中起来装订成册,并应用于产品中)Throughtheexperienceofcreatinganewproduct,Tanakaandherteammembersen
14、richedtheirowntacitknowledgebase(在开发新产品的过程中,Tanaka和她的团队成员不断丰富他们的内在知识)Knowledge-creating Companies知识创造型公司知识创造型公司Metaphor Analogy Model比喻比喻类推类推模型模型1.Toenlargethecreativespaceandtolinkcontradictorythingsandideasthroughmetaphor(通过比喻开拓创造空间和统一矛盾事务及观点)2.Resolvethesecontradictionsthroughanalogy(通过类推解决矛盾)3.C
15、rystallizethecreatedconceptsandembodytheminamodel(明确创造性观念并在模型中具体化)New Product Development at Honda本田汽车的新产品开发本田汽车的新产品开发“Letsgamble”sloganinauguratedtheprocesswithateamofyoungengineersanddesigners,chargedwiththedevelopmentofanew-conceptcar,notacheaperversionofCivicandAccord.“Letsgamble”开创了新的理念,让年轻的工程师
16、和设计师负责新概念车的开发,而不是那些便宜的大众汽车和普通汽车。TeamleaderHirooWatanabecoinedanotherslogan-TheoryofAutomobileEvolutiontoexpressanideal.团队领导HirooWatanabe提出另一个口号汽车发展推测以表达一种理想后续New Product Development at Honda本田汽车的新产品开发本田汽车的新产品开发续前Thisledtodiscussionanddebateandyetanotherslogan-Man-maximum,Machine-minimum.这些引发了讨论和辩论,还
17、有一个口号最大人性化,最小机械化Finally,therevolutionary“TallBoy”HondaCityemerged.最后,革命性的“TallBoy”横空出世。Metaphor Analogy Model比喻比喻类推类推模型模型TheHondacaseshowshowJapanesecompaniesusefigurativelanguageandsymbolsinproductdevelopmentprocess(本田汽车的例子展示了日本公司在产品开发过程中如何使用比喻方式和符号)AMetaphormayhavemultiplemeaningsorappearlogically
18、contradictory,buthelptomergedifferentareasofexperiencewithinasingle,imageorsymbol.比喻可能造成多意或出现逻辑矛盾,但能将不同领域的经验统一成一个简单、形象和符号的。PhilosopherMaxBlack:“twoideasinonephrase“哲学家MaxBlack:”一词有二意”后续Metaphor Analogy Model比喻比喻类推类推模型模型续前Peopleputtogetherwhattheyknowinnewwaysandbegintoexpresstacitknowledge-whattheyk
19、nowbutcannotyetsay人们采用新方法整理他们所知的知识并表示成内在知识他们理解但不会表达Effectiveinjumpstartingthecreativeprocessintheearlystagesofknowledgecreation在知识创造的初期高效的开始创造过程Implications-Senior Executives Vision暗示高级管理人员的想象暗示高级管理人员的想象Needstobeopen-endedandsusceptibletoavarietyofdifferentandevenconflictinginterpretations需要容许几种不同甚至
20、是矛盾的解释Givesemployeesandworkgroupsthefreedomandautonomytosettheirowngoals给予员工和工作团队一定的自由和自治权,以达到他们的自身目标Ifavisionistoounambiguous,itbecomesanorderanddonotfosterthehighdegreeofpersonalcommitmentonwhicheffectiveknowledgecreationdepends如果一个想象太明确,它将成为一个规则,阻止人的创造能力在更深层次上的激发,而这是有效知识创造所依靠的Conceptual UmbrellaS
21、harp-“OptoelectronicstodescribethemergingofmicroelectronicswithopticaltechnologiesSeniormanagerstookupthewordandmagnifieditsimpactfarbeyondtheR&DandengineeringdepartmentsinthecompanySharp“光电子学”是描述微电子学和光学技术的融合,高级管理人员使用该词并将其推广到R&D以及工程部外的其他部门NEC-themetaphorC&C(forcomputersandcommunications),Categorized
22、thecompanysknowledgebaseintermsofafewkeytechnologiesNEC-“C&C”(计算机和通信),采用几个关键技术术语对公司知识加以分类Kao-“Surface active science“GuideditsdiversificationintoproductsrangingfromsoapdetergentstocosmeticstofloppydisksallnaturalderivativesofKaoscoreknowledgebaseKao-“Surface active science“指导它的产品多样化,从肥皂、清洁剂到化妆品,到软盘一
23、切自然从Kao的核心知识演化而来Metaphor Analogy Model比喻比喻类推类推模型模型Metaphorstriggertheknowledge-creationprocessthroughintuitionandlinkingconflictingimages比喻通过直觉和统一矛盾现象触发知识创造过程Thenextstepisanalogy,amorestructuredprocessofreconcilingcontradictions.下一步是类推,一个更加结构化的缓和矛盾的过程Anintermediatestepbetweenpureimaginationandlogica
24、lthinking纯想象和逻辑思考的中间一步Whyisabeercanausefulanalogyforapersonalcopier?为什么啤酒罐是一个个人复印机的有用类推?Beer can and Canon personal copier啤酒罐和佳能个人复印机啤酒罐和佳能个人复印机Canonwasdevelopingarevolutionarymini-copierthatisreliable,easyandcheaptomake.佳能开发了一种微型复印机可靠、简单且造价低廉Plantomakethephotosensitivecopierdrum(thesourceof90%ofall
25、maintenanceproblems)disposable计划制造可随意使用的感光复印机鼓Theteamwasdiscussingdesignproblemsoversomedrinks开发团队基于一些饮料讨论设计问题后续Beer can and Canon personal copier啤酒罐和佳能个人复印机啤酒罐和佳能个人复印机续前Tanaka(theteamleader)heldoneofthebeercansandwonderedaloud,Howmuchdoesitcosttomanufacturethiscan?“Tanaka(团队领导)拿着一个啤酒罐,惊异的叫道:“制造这个易拉
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