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1、语法分词第1页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二非谓语动词 不定式,动名词,分词 To do,doing,doing/done非谓语动词指的是在句子中不做谓语的动词,除了谓语之外,可以承担句子中任何成分。句子成分句子成分非非谓语谓语 主主语语表表语语宾语宾语补语补语定定语语状状语语同位同位语语不定式不定式 动动名名词词 分分词词 第2页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二对比下列句子,体会分词的用法When I saw his smile,I knew he understood me.Seeing his smile,I knew he understood me.If you turn
2、to the right,you will find the building.Turning to the right,you will find the building.The girl who was dancing to the music was one of my classmates.The girl dancing to the music was one of my classmates.Yesterday I bought a book which was written by a student.Yesterday I bought a book written by
3、a student.第3页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二总结通过对比以上句子,可以看出分词具有形容词和副词的性质,在上述句子中分别做状语和定语。此外,分词还可以补语和表语。所以分词的句法功能为:定语,状语,补语,表语。分词就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词;具有形容词功能,同时又表现各种动词性特点,如时态,语态,有自己的状语、宾词、逻辑主语等性能。分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,现在分词表示主动和进行,过去分词表示被动和完成“不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成第4页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二分词的类别及物动词现在分词及物动词现在分词 doing 主动,进行主动,进行及物动
4、词过去分词及物动词过去分词 done 被动,完成被动,完成想想看:现在分词和过去分词分别都是用在什么时态和语态中?想想看:现在分词和过去分词分别都是用在什么时态和语态中?I am teaching middle school students.(doing用在现在进行时,表示用在现在进行时,表示主动、进行主动、进行)She has/had worked there for 10 years.(done用在完成时态中,表示用在完成时态中,表示完成完成)She was praised by the president.(done用于被动语态中,用于被动语态中,表示表示被动被动)第5页,共31页,编
5、辑于2022年,星期二及物动词 vt 有宾语,有被动不及物动词 vi 无宾语,无被动及物动词的 doing表示主动,进行,done表示被动,完成不及物动词的doing仅表示进行,done仅表示完成,无主被动概念。第6页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二Frightening noise 吓人的声音Frightened crowd 被吓到的群众Exploiting class 剥削阶级Exploited class 被剥削阶级Interesting story 吸引人的故事Interested audience 被吸引了的观众及物动词的doing 表示主动、进行及物动词的done 表示被动、完
6、成第7页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二Falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子Fallen leaves 已经落下来的叶子Boiling water 正在滚开的水Boiled water 开过的水,白开水Developing country 发展中国家,正在发展的国家Developed country 发达国家,发展完了的国家总结:不及物动词(vi)的分词不表示主被动,只表示完成或者进行。分词的学习以及物动词为主。第8页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二比较一下,思考分词的使用原则He stood up and left.He left the room,crying loudly
7、.Those who came late were punished.Those coming late were punished.When you cross the street,do be careful.When crossing the street,do be careful.He covered the burning pan quickly and prevented a fire.He covered the burning pan quickly,preventing a fire.第9页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二总结判断动词的标准:如果有连词,就考虑动词所在环
8、境是句子,按照谓语动词的规律考虑。如果没有连词,或者有连词没有主语,就考虑动词所在的环境不是句子,要按照非谓语的规律考虑。第10页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二分词的句法功能分词的句法功能 概况概况定语定语He asked a puzzling question.He wanted to help the puzzled students.状语状语Puzzled by the question,the students went to ask their teacher.Puzzling most of the students,the question was considered t
9、oo difficult.补语补语We all think this question puzzling.We found the students puzzled by the question.表语表语The question is quite puzzling.The students are all puzzled.(学案)(学案)第11页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二分词的句法功能分词的句法功能 详解详解1.分词做定语分词做定语This is a very interesting book.She is a trained nurse.This is a book writte
10、n by a middle school student.The girl standing there is my friend.分词作定语:和分词作定语:和被修饰词被修饰词是是主动主动关系时用关系时用现在分现在分词词,被动被动时用时用过去分词过去分词。分词定语的位置:分词定语的位置:单个单个分词放在被修饰词分词放在被修饰词前前面,面,分词分词短语短语放在被修饰词的放在被修饰词的后后面。面。分词作定语,相当于一个分词作定语,相当于一个定语从句定语从句。(试着把上。(试着把上面的几个句子变成定语从句)面的几个句子变成定语从句)第12页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二2.分词做表语分词做表语
11、 The news was very disappointing.He was/looked very disappointed.The noise was very frightening.We were all frightened.分词做表语:和分词做表语:和句子主语句子主语是是主动主动关系时用关系时用现在现在分分词,和句子主语是词,和句子主语是被动被动关系时用关系时用过去过去分词。分词。辨别主被动关系时,可以套用以下模式:噪音吓辨别主被动关系时,可以套用以下模式:噪音吓人人主动,我们被吓主动,我们被吓被动。(被动。(名词要放在动名词要放在动词前词前)(适用于定状补表四种句法功能)(适用
12、于定状补表四种句法功能)第13页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二3.分词做补语分词做补语(感官、使役动词感官、使役动词)I want the work done immediately.I want you to come and help me.We saw the thief stealing the bike.The thief was seen stealing the bike.We saw the bike stolen by the thief.The bike was seen stolen by the thief.We saw the thief steal the b
13、ike.The thief was seen to steal the bike.第14页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二五看:五看:See,observe,watch,notice,look at两听:两听:Hear,listen to一感觉:一感觉:Feel三使役:三使役:Make,have,let感官动词:感官动词:see n do(主动主动,全全过程过程)see n doing(主动主动,片段,片段,正在正在)see n done(被动被动,被做,被做)使役动词使役动词 have n do (主动主动,一次性,一次性,短期短期动作动作)have n doing (主动主动,延续延续
14、一定时间一定时间)have n done (被动被动)第15页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二I often hear the song sung in English.Yesterday when I passed the square,I heard someone singing this song.I often hear him sing this song.He is often heard to sing this song.The sad movie made me cry.I was made to cry by the movie.The teacher had the
15、 boy waiting for an hour.I spoke louder to make myself heard.I spoke louder to make the students hear me.第16页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二第17页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二4.分词做状语分词做状语Seeing nobody at home,I decided to come again.Inspired by her,we worked even harder.(原因原因)Hearing the good news,he jumped with joy.Seen fro
16、m the hill,the park looks beautiful.(时间)(时间)Turning to the right,you will find the building.Given more time,we could do it much better.(条件条件)第18页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二He sat at the table,reading China Daily.The woman scientist entered the lab,followed by her assistants.(伴随伴随)Her mother died in 1969,leav
17、ing her four younger brothers and sisters.He covered the burning pan quickly,preventing a fire.(结果结果)Beaten by the opposite team,the players were not discouraged.Though invited,he decided not to go to the party.(让步让步)第19页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二总结分词做分词做定语定语,根据分词和,根据分词和被修饰词被修饰词的关系来选择的关系来选择分词,分词,主动主动关系用关系用现
18、在现在分词,分词,被动被动关系用关系用过去过去分词。分词。分词做分词做状语状语,根据分词和,根据分词和句子主语句子主语的关系来选择的关系来选择分词,分词,主动主动关系用关系用现在现在分词,分词,被动被动关系用关系用过去过去分词。分词。分词做分词做补语补语,根据分词和,根据分词和宾语宾语的关系来选择分词,的关系来选择分词,主动主动关系用关系用现在现在分词,分词,被动被动关系用关系用过去过去分词。分词。分词做分词做表语表语,根据分词和,根据分词和主语主语的关系来选择分词,的关系来选择分词,主动主动关系用关系用现在现在分词,分词,被动被动关系用关系用过去过去分词。分词。第20页,共31页,编辑于20
19、22年,星期二分词的否定Not knowing where to go,I asked my friend for advice.分词的否定一律在分词的前面。分词的否定一律在分词的前面。Not having heard from him for two weeks,we decided to go and have a look in person.第21页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二分词的时态、语态一般式主动:一般式主动:doing (正在做)(正在做)一般式被动:一般式被动:done (已经被做)(已经被做)被动进行式:被动进行式:being done (正在被做)(正在被做)完成
20、式主动:完成式主动:having done(已经做)(已经做)完成式被动:完成式被动:having been done(已经被做已经被做)Done 和和 having been done 两个两个“已经被做已经被做”的区别的区别Having been bitten twice by the dog,the postman refused to deliver letters to my house unless we chained it up.(有明显先后顺序,且强调先后)(有明显先后顺序,且强调先后)Seeing his mother,the boy quickly ran away.(有
21、先(有先后但是不强调先后)后但是不强调先后)Punished by his father,the boy cried.第22页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二巩固一下一般式主动:一般式主动:doing (正在做)(正在做)一般式被动:一般式被动:done (已经被做)(已经被做)现在分词被动式:现在分词被动式:being done (正在被做,(正在被做,通通常做定语)常做定语)现在分词完成主动:现在分词完成主动:having done(已经做,(已经做,通通常做状语)常做状语)现在分词完成被动:现在分词完成被动:having been done(已经被已经被做,通常做状语做,通常做状语)
22、第23页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二翻译下列句子翻译下列句子We found a boy crying by the street.The building completed last year was burnt down last night.The building being built will be finished next year.Having finished my work,I was allowed to go home.(有先后且强调先后有先后且强调先后)Having been warned twice,the boy still went skating
23、on the thin ice.(有先后且强调先后有先后且强调先后)第24页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二非谓语的思考方式1.谓语非谓语2.成分3.逻辑关系4.主被动5.ing、ed6.时态语态第25页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二第26页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二独立主格结构The experiment done,the students went on to take notes in the experiment report.1、There being nothing else to do,they gone away.由于无事可做,他们离开了。(代词ing;表原
24、因)2、Miss Wang come into the classroom,books in hand.王老师走进教室,手里拿着书。(无动词结构;表伴随)3、The old man sat in his chair,his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上,闭着眼睛。(名词ed;表状态)4、Class over,we began to play basketball.放学了,我们开始玩篮球。(名词副词;表时间)5、Without a word more spoken,he picked up the paper.没再多说一个字,他拾起那张纸。(介词结构;表伴随)6、The last gu
25、est to arrive,our party was started.最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会开始了。(名词不定式;表时间)第27页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二独立成分Time permitting,Generally speaking 总的说来,Frankly speaking 坦率地说,Judging from 从判断,Supposing 假设,等等。to be honest老实说,to be sure确实,to tell you the truth说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make the matter worse 更糟糕的是,等等。第28页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二特殊词汇DetermineDressSeatDevotePrepareLocateLoseoccupy第29页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二Leave 宾补结构第30页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二With 宾补结构第31页,共31页,编辑于2022年,星期二
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