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1、数字地球与数字城市的关键技术语义网和OWL简介数字地球与数字城市讲义之九2005年11月09日xuehupku.edu 概述语义网简介OWL简介实例演示Protg OWL 小结语义网Semantic WebTim Berners-Lee 推动的互联网2.0版全面应用元数据技术标识所有的东西而且是机器可以理解的“元数据本体技术是实现语义网的核心注意:不要和语义网络Semantic Network混淆译自Alan Rector et.al.的 Ontology Design Patterns and ProblemsTim Berners-Lee讲故事The entertainment syste
2、m was belting out the Beatles We Can Work It Out when the phone rang.When Pete answered,his phone turned the sound down by sending a message to all the other local devices that had a volume control.His sister,Lucy,was on the line from the doctors office:Mom needs to see a specialist and then has to
3、have a series of physical therapy sessions.Biweekly or something.Im going to have my agent set up the appointments.Pete immediately agreed to share the chauffeuring.From TBLs Scientific American Article:The Semantic Web,2001 Tim Berners-Lee讲故事At the doctors office,Lucy instructed her Semantic Web ag
4、ent through her handheld Web browser.The agent promptly retrieved information about Moms prescribed treatment from the doctors agent,looked up several lists of providers,and checked for the ones in-plan for Moms insurance within a 20-mile radius of her home and with a rating of excellent or very goo
5、d on trusted rating services.It then began trying to find a match between available appointment times supplied by the agents of individual providers through their Web sites and Petes and Lucys busy schedules.The emphasized keywords indicate terms whose semantics,or meaning,were defined for the agent
6、 through the Semantic Web.From TBLs Scientific American Article:The Semantic Web,2001 Tim Berners-Lee讲故事In a few minutes the agent presented them with a plan.Pete didnt like itUniversity Hospital was all the way across town from Moms place,and hed be driving back in the middle of rush hour.He set hi
7、s own agent to redo the search with stricter preferences about location and time.Lucys agent,having plete trust in Petes agent in the context of the present task,automatically assisted by supplying access certificates and shortcuts to the data it had already sorted through.From TBLs Scientific Ameri
8、can Article:The Semantic Web,2001 Tim Berners-Lee讲故事Almost instantly the new plan was presented:a much closer clinic and earlier timesbut there were two warning notes.First,Pete would have to reschedule a couple of his less important appointments.He checked what they werenot a problem.The other was
9、something about the insurance panys list failing to include this provider under physical therapists:Service type and insurance plan status securely verified by other means,the agent reassured him.Details?Lucy registered her assent at about the same moment Pete was muttering,Spare me the details,and
10、it was all set.Of course,Pete couldnt resist the details and later that night had his agent explain how it had found that provider even though it wasnt on the proper list.From TBLs Scientific American Article:The Semantic Web,2001 语义网的协议XML标注的语法XML Schema标注结构和用词的限制RDF资源对象的数据模型实体关系RDF Schema描述实体和关系的词
11、汇定义OWL对RDF Schema的扩展描述逻辑DL的Web化译自Ivan Herman,W3C的SW Q&A 语义网与AI的关系语义网采取“主语谓语宾语的形式一种表达元数据的简单方式结构化和定义名词的方法 有限推理 与应用相关的规则 模糊逻辑 AI还包括联想空间推理图像,文字识别复杂的决策流程译自Ivan Herman,W3C的SW Q&A 所以所以SW只是对只是对AI的一小局部在的一小局部在Web应用中的扩展应用中的扩展语义网与AI的关系语义网防止了AI中的难题,例如目前的机器还不能很好的理解一副图像或是一篇文章 语义网采取的方法是对这些文章和图像进行标注也就是说用元数据弥补AI的缺乏译自
12、Ivan Herman,W3C的SW Q&A RDF Resource Description FrameworkRDF 是一组语句,数学上可以表达为:资源:元素,URI.属性:两个资源间的关系单向 语句:主语资源属性谓语宾语资源RDF 是关于这样的语句的通用模型译自Ivan Herman,W3C的SW Q&A OWLOWL是对RDF的扩展:定义应用中的术语 ontologies 对属性进行限定e.g.,cardinality constraints 对属性的逻辑特点进行定义e.g.,transitivity,functionality 定义不同本体之间的对等术语。译自Ivan Herman,
13、W3C的SW Q&A SW ToolsGraphical Editors:IsaViz Xerox Research/W3C,RDFAuthor Univ.of Bristol,Protege 2000 Stanford Univ.,SWOOP Univ.of Maryland,Orient IBM IsaViz Xerox Research/W3C,RDFAuthor Univ.of Bristol,Protege 2000 Stanford Univ.,SWOOP Univ.of Maryland,Orient IBM Programming Environments:Jena for J
14、ava,includes OWL reasoning and SPARQL queries,RDFLib for Python,Redland in C,with interfaces to Tcl,Java,PHP,Perl,Python,and with SPARQL queries,SWI-Prolog,IBMs Semantic Toolkit,Jena for Java,includes OWL reasoning,RDFLib for Python,Redland in C,with interfaces to Tcl,Java,PHP,Perl,Python,SWI-Prolog
15、,IBMs Semantic Toolkit,Databases either based on an internal sql engine or fully triple based:Kowari,Gateway,Sesame,3Store,Jenas Joseki,Oracle Database 10g,RDF and OWL validators:W3Cs RDF Validator,BBN OWL Validator,Pellet OWL Reasoner You can always start looking at W3Cs RDF developer site 译自Ivan H
16、erman,W3C的SW Q&A 语义网和Web Service的关系静态500 million users and more than 3 billion pages语法SW and WS解决的问题 information finding,information extraction,information representation,information interpretation andand information maintenance.Semantic WebRDF,RDFS,OWL静态语法语义SW and WS让网站效劳器变成可计算的Semantic WebRDF,RDFS
17、,OWL动态Web ServicesUDDI,WSDL,SOAP静态语法语义SW and SW互联网的真正潜力Semantic WebRDF,RDFS,OWL动态Web ServicesUDDI,WSDL,SOAP静态Intelligent WebServices语法语义还有许多理论问题待解 开世界 vs.闭世界假设,推理的单调性 概率方法和模糊逻辑 译自Ivan Herman,W3C的SW Q&A 目前SW的科研热点改善推理算法和实现改善可扩展性OWL Full时空推理,模糊逻辑更好的组件化局部本体的引用和导入 描述逻辑和其他逻辑的关系Web上的应用网上本体的管理 译自Ivan Herman
18、,W3C的SW Q&A OWL The Web Ontology LanguageW3C 标准源于 DAML frames 和 Oil DLs in Frame clothing建立在RDF-Schema的基础上三种“风味OWL-Lite 简单但是功能有限OWL-DL 复杂但是可以支持自动推理OWL-Full 高表达能力,但是有逻辑推理问题Russel Paradox etc etc译自Alan Rector et.al.的 Ontology Design Patterns and Problems一个简单的例子:动物Living ThingGrassAnimalPlantTreeBody P
19、artArmLegPersonCowCarnivoreHerbivoreeatseatseatshas part译自Alan Rector et.al.的 Ontology Design Patterns and ProblemsOntology工程的工具Protg :/protege.stanford.edu/index.htmlOWL 实例演示Named Classes and Disjoint ClassesOWL PropertiesInverse Properties,Functional Properties,Inverse Functional PropertiesTransit
20、ive Properties,Symmetric PropertiesProperty Domains and RangesDescribing And Defining ClassesProperty Restrictions.Existential RestrictionsUsing A ReasonerDetermining the OWL Sub-LanguageInconsistent ClassesNecessary And Sufficient Conditions Primitive and Defined Classes Automatic ClassificationUni
21、versal RestrictionsAutomatic Classification and Open World Reasoning Closure Axioms Value Partitions Covering AxiomsCardinality Restrictions 小结什么是本体技术?什么是语义网技术?什么是OWL语言?如何应用Protg OWL 进行本体建模所有这些与信息智能处理的关系?作业请下载到课程网站上下载Protg OWL相关软件和练习文档。并根据练习文档的步骤在安装的软件中逐一实习。练习文档中说的Racer已经无法下载了,请用网上提供的Pellet引擎。你需要安装J
22、VM,可以到网上下载。解压Pellet包后直接运行Pellet-Dig命令,即可在本机 :/localhost:8081上开启DIG推理引擎效劳。GraphViz是观看定义的Ontology图所需软件。所有程序安装后,在Protg菜单Project下的Config中开启OWLWiz Tab,即可。其他问题可以上网搜索或发邮件问我。关于课堂热烈讨论的后记通过今天课堂上和大家的讨论让我明白了一个我课前不明白的东西,所以也是今天课上没有讲清楚的东西。在这里和大家分享:关于任何事物的分类往往都是基于对属性取值范围限定完成的。这些属性可以是它们的颜色,形状,结构,成分,味道,声音,以及其他一些更抽象的属
23、性。比方Pizza可以根据成分分成奶酪Pizza和素食Pizza,也可以根据形状分成厚Pizza和薄Pizza换句话说,如果我们把属性想像成为一个抽象空间的维度即坐标方向,每一个事物Pizza就成为了这个空间中的一个点,可以通过其坐标属性来唯一标识。子类对应着这一空间中的不同范围,即属性值有一定限制的子空间。这些子类可以是有命名的,也可以是没有命名。这些子空间子类之间可以有交叉,包含,排斥等逻辑关系,从而可以进行推理。如找出一些具有特定属性的Pizza属于哪些子类?在OWL中,属性的限定是通过对映射关系的限定表达的,比方对从Pizza空间向Topping的成分空间的映射关系的限定。例如“所有包
24、含ChessTopping的Pizza hasTopping some ChessTopping是一个对hasTopping关系的值域的限定。它定义了一个没有命名的Pizza子类。所以课上讲的Topping和Base,以及没有来及讲的Spiciness和CountryOfOrigini都是对Pizza的属性的值域的定义。对应Pizza的分类Ontology建模即是基于对这些属性的限定完成的。从线性代数中关于线性空间的知识我们知道,最精简的分类和表达,肯定是来源于那些相互独立正交的属性维度/坐标。如何找到这些精简的维度呢?不知道有没有说清楚,感兴趣的同学可以找我讨论。最后非常感谢今天参加讨论的同
25、学们,希望大家继续这种精神。9、静夜四无邻,荒居旧业贫。4月-234月-23Tuesday,April 18,202310、雨中黄叶树,灯下白头人。08:18:3108:18:3108:184/18/2023 8:18:31 AM11、以我独沈久,愧君相见频。4月-2308:18:3108:18Apr-2318-Apr-2312、故人江海别,几度隔山川。08:18:3108:18:3108:18Tuesday,April 18,202313、乍见翻疑梦,相悲各问年。4月-234月-2308:18:3108:18:31April 18,202314、他乡生白发,旧国见青山。18 四月 20238
26、:18:31 上午08:18:314月-2315、比不了得就不比,得不到的就不要。四月 238:18 上午4月-2308:18April 18,202316、行动出成果,工作出财富。2023/4/18 8:18:3108:18:3118 April 202317、做前,能够环视四周;做时,你只能或者最好沿着以脚为起点的射线向前。8:18:31 上午8:18 上午08:18:314月-239、没有失败,只有暂时停止成功!。4月-234月-23Tuesday,April 18,202310、很多事情努力了未必有结果,但是不努力却什么改变也没有。08:18:3108:18:3108:184/18/2
27、023 8:18:31 AM11、成功就是日复一日那一点点小小努力的积累。4月-2308:18:3108:18Apr-2318-Apr-2312、世间成事,不求其绝对圆满,留一份缺乏,可得无限完美。08:18:3108:18:3108:18Tuesday,April 18,202313、不知香积寺,数里入云峰。4月-234月-2308:18:3108:18:31April 18,202314、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。18 四月 20238:18:31 上午08:18:314月-2315、楚塞三湘接,荆门九派通。四月 238:18 上午4月-2308:18April 18
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29、:3108:18Tuesday,April 18,202313、知人者智,自知者明。胜人者有力,自胜者强。4月-234月-2308:18:3108:18:31April 18,202314、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。18 四月 20238:18:31 上午08:18:314月-2315、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。四月 238:18 上午4月-2308:18April 18,202316、业余生活要有意义,不要越轨。2023/4/18 8:18:3108:18:3118 April 202317、一个人即使已登上顶峰,也仍要自强不息。8:18:31 上午8:18 上午08:18:314月-23MOMODA POWERPOINTLorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetur adipiscing elit.Fusce id urna blandit,eleifend nulla ac,fringilla purus.Nulla iaculis tempor felis ut cursus.感感 谢谢 您您 的的 下下 载载 观观 看看专家告诉
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