农业系统(共42张PPT).pptx

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1、Agricultural System農業系統Spatial Patterns in Agricultural Landscapes農業景觀的空間模式培训专用傳統的理論范杜能模式1.Assumptions假設2.Some basic concepts基本概念3.Von Thunens land rent model地租模式4.4.Assessment:weaknesses and merits5.分析缺點及優點5.Case studies個案研究(1783-1850)(1783-1850)培训专用Assumptions of Von Thunens Model范杜能模式的假設An isolat

2、ed state and an isotropic surface孤立國和均質平原All prices are set in the single central market所有價錢都訂於唯一的中心市場Uniform transportation and transport costs統一的運輸方法和運輸費Farmers are rational economic men農民為理性的經濟人培训专用An isolated state and an isotropic surface孤立國和均質平原Self-sufficient community自給自足的社區Homogeneous/unifo

3、rm physical conditions一致的自然條件production costs per hectare were the same均地的生產成本都為一致培训专用All prices are set in the single central market所有價錢都訂於唯一的中心市場All products are sold at the same market price所有貨物均以一致的售價出售埋黎睇埋黎睇埋黎揀啦埋黎揀啦 培训专用Uniform transportation and transport costs統一的運輸方法和運輸費Only one mode of trans

4、portation-horse-drawn cart單一運輸方法馬拉木頭車Transport costs were uniform in any direction運輸成本在任何地方均一致i.e.proportional to distance at the same rate與距離以相同比例成正比Distance from marketDistance from marketTotal transport costTotal transport cost培训专用Farmers are rational economic men農民為理性的經濟人Economic men/profit maxi

5、mizers經濟人/利潤最大者having perfect information on marketing and production對市場及生產有絕對的資訊培训专用Some basic concepts基本概念Economic Rent/Locational Rent經濟地租/區位地租Distance-decay Mechanism距離遞減機制培训专用Economic Rent/Locational Rent經濟地租/區位地租經濟地租=P-(C+T)P=P=市場價格市場價格C=C=生產成本生產成本T=T=運輸費用運輸費用培训专用CropMPCTrCYieldEC at various d

6、istance from the market0km5kmA60303.0010B45251.0020C24100.408D1550.205CropMPCTrCYieldEC at various distance from the market0km5kmA60303.0010300150B45251.0020400300C24100.40811296D1550.2055045培训专用Margin of Transference轉移邊際若在同一地方考慮設立多於一種的農業活動，轉移邊際就是一農業活動取代另一活動的地點。呢邊我咕喎，唔呢邊我咕喎，唔好過界好過界 培训专用Two Theories

7、Suggested 兩個提出了的理論The intensity theory集約度定理The crop theory作物定理每一單位面積的勞工每一單位面積的勞工投入投入培训专用 distancedistance from the market,intensityintensity distance distance from the market,intensityintensity Distance from marketDistance from market市場距離市場距離IntensityIntensity集約度集約度培训专用Distance from marketDistance f

8、rom market市場距離市場距離IntensityIntensity集約度集約度 distancedistance from the market,ERER distancedistance from the market,ERER Uneconomical to invest additional to invest additional costs to raise the intensiveness of costs to raise the intensiveness of production in more distant production in more distant

9、locationslocations在較遠的距離增加成本以令集約度上升，在較遠的距離增加成本以令集約度上升，這是很這是很不化算不化算的的培训专用More to know:Slope of Locational Rent Curves知多一點點區位地租線的坡度Distance from market Distance from market 市場距離市場距離Locational rentLocational rent區位地租區位地租IntensiveIntensive集約集約ExtensiveExtensive粗放粗放培训专用 distance距離距離 from the market,inten

10、sity 集約集約度度 distance距離from the market,intensity集約度集約度 培训专用農夫距離集約度生產成本收成運輸成本總成本總收入區位地租大明1集約2000 80802080 4400 2320粗放1000 50501050 2750 1700小明30集約2000 80 2400 4400 44000粗放1000 50 1500 2500 2750250培训专用Two Theories Suggested 兩個提出了的理論The intensity theory集約度定理The crop theory作物定理培训专用for any location,crops

11、with for any location,crops with the the highest economic renthighest economic rent will be grown.無論在哪個區位，我們都會選擇耕種擁有最高經濟地租的作物培训专用The Crop Theory作物定理埋黎睇埋黎睇埋黎揀啦2 21 13 34 45 56 6培训专用Zone 1:Market Gardening and Dairying一區園藝式農業及酪農業Vegetables and fresh milk蔬菜及鮮奶Perishable易腐Fresh produce were highly deman

12、ded 新鮮農產品的需求很高Prices were high價格高昂培训专用Zone 2:Firewood/forestry二區木材區Great demand at that time當時的需求很高Bulky,high transport cost if it was located far away由於木材龐大笨重，若設於遠離中心的距離，運輸費用會變得很高培训专用Zone 3-5:cereals growing with different intensities三-五區不同集約程度的穀物種植Rye,maize,barley,wheat,etc黑麥、玉米、大麥、小麥等等培训专用Zone 3:

13、6-year crop rotation without fallow三區六年輪作(不含休耕)Rye黑麥Potato薯仔Barley大麥Rye黑麥Clover苜蓿Vetch豌豆 Vetch豌豆Rye黑麥Potato薯仔Barley大麥Rye黑麥Clover苜蓿Clover苜蓿Vetch豌豆Rye黑麥Potato薯仔Barley大麥Rye黑麥培训专用Zone 4:7-year crop rotation with fallow四區七年輪作(含休耕)Pasture牧草Barley大麥Pasture牧草Oats燕麥Pasture牧草Rye黑麥Fallow休耕Fallow休耕Pasture牧草Barl

14、ey大麥Pasture牧草Oats燕麥Pasture牧草Rye黑麥Rye黑麥Fallow休耕Pasture牧草Barley大麥Pasture牧草Oats燕麥Pasture牧草培训专用Zone 5:3-field system五區三區農業系統Pasture牧草Cereals穀物Fallow休耕Fallow休耕Pasture牧草Cereals穀物Cereals穀物Fallow休耕Pasture牧草培训专用Zone 6:Extensive livestock farming六區粗放式畜牧業培训专用2 21 13 34 45 56 6我夠知啦(德語德語)培训专用Modifications by Von

15、 Thunen由范杜能所作的變化1.Addition of a navigable river2.可供航行的河流2.Small town as a competing market centre3.競爭性的市場中心3.Improved transport routes改善了的運輸路徑培训专用4.Different land qualities5.不同的土地質素6.5.Farmers behaviour農民行為培训专用Addition of a navigable river可供航行的河流Cheaper transport route較相宜的運輸渠道-90%Each zone of produc

16、tion became elongated in the direction roughly parallel to the river.農業分區會因而伸延，並與河流呈平行狀。培训专用Small town as a competing market centre競爭性的市場中心The small town would had its own land use zones小型市鎮會擁有獨立的土地分區The scale was smaller規模會較小The concentric zone look more complex同心圓分區會變得更為複雜培训专用Improved transport ro

17、utes改善了的運輸路徑The influence is similar to the first onee.g.railway,river如鐵路、河流培训专用Different land qualities不同的土地質素District with low production costs or high productivity expands in size at the expense of the other.擁有低生產成本或高生產力的農業活動會比其他的面積為大Areas with infertile soil or hilly terrain favour extensive cul

18、tivation at the expense of intensive one.一些土壤貧瘠，或山地地形的農田，較適合作粗放成農業活動培训专用Labour cost,social services,etc.勞工成本、社會服務等等培训专用Farmers behaviour農民行為Management abilities 管理能力Amount of knowledge 知識Preferences喜好Speculation投機培训专用Influence of changes on land use pattern變化對土地利用模式的影響Economic Rent=P-(C+T)Market pri

19、ce市場價格Production costs生產成本Transport costs運輸成本培训专用Increase in market price市場價格上升Distance from market Distance from market 市場距離市場距離$培训专用Decrease in production cost生產成本下降Distance from market Distance from market 市場距離市場距離$培训专用A decrease in transport cost運輸成本下降Distance from market Distance from market 市場

20、距離市場距離$培训专用谢谢观看/欢迎下载BY FAITH I MEAN A VISION OF GOOD ONE CHERISHES AND THE ENTHUSIASM THAT PUSHES ONE TO SEEK ITS FULFILLMENT REGARDLESS OF OBSTACLES.BY FAITH I BY FAITH培训专用内容总结Agricultural System農業系統。Agricultural System農業系統。Some basic concepts基本概念。Von Thunens land rent model地租模式。4.Assessment:weakne

21、sses and merits。Assumptions of Von Thunens Model范杜能模式的假設。Uniform transportation and transport costs統一的運輸方法和運輸費。Economic men/profit maximizers。經濟地租/區位地租。Two Theories Suggested 兩個提出了的理論。The crop theory。Distance from market市場距離。Distance from market 市場距離。The Crop Theory作物定理。Zone 2:Firewood/forestry二區木材區。黑麥、玉米、大麥、小麥等等。Zone 3:6-year crop rotation without fallow三區六年輪作(不含休耕)培训专用