大学英语自学教程(下册)教案.pdf

《大学英语自学教程(下册)教案.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《大学英语自学教程(下册)教案.pdf（320页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、讲义一Text A What Is a Decision?I.课文内容简介决策的目的是制定和实现组织目标。作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西防碍目标或目的的实现。作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。决策者必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择的手段。而多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值观。今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响。因此，有经验的管理者能从当前决策看到将来的效果。段落大意：课文分成三部分第一、二段：决策的定义 The definition of decision第三、四段：作决策的一般过程 The general process of m

2、aking a decision第五至九段：在管理层次上，多种因素影响决策的制定Various factors influencing decisionmaking at the managerial levelILNew W o rd s词汇精讲l.goal n.目标，进球，球 门（同义词：aim,end,purpose,objective）Her goal is a place at university.她的目标是在大学任教。Z.objective：n./a.目的；目 标（尤指较长远的目标）；宗旨/客观的，如实的派生词：object n.物体反义词：subjective n./a.主语；

3、主观事物；/主观的，用法：Her objective is to get a college education.她的目标是接受大学教育。If you don*t work hard,youH never achieve your objectives.假如你不努力工作，你将永远达不到目的。Achieve表示较难达到的目标。It is an objective report,这是一篇如实的报道。3.accomplish v.完成（任务）等 The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes.学生们在不到10分钟内完成了任务。4

4、.predict：v 预言，预示，预告 同义词：forecast v.预测，预报Itts hard to predict when it will happen.很难预见这件事何时发生。5.accompany：v.伴随，陪同The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog.这位孤独的老人让他的狗做伴。All orders must be accompanied with cash.所有的订货单必须随付现金。派生词：company n.公司；v.陪伴6.i mplement v.实施，履 行（诺言）等The committee suggestions wi

5、ll be implemented immediately.委员会的意见将立即贯彻执行。The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year.对全国医疗体系的改革将在明年进行。7.constraint n.限制，约束They told the truth but only under constraint.Constraint on the rules of grammer他们说了实话但是有所保留（是被迫的）。语法规则的限制（约束）8.tendency n.趋势，倾向There is a growing

6、tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长。派生词：tend v.趋向，倾向 用法：tendtodosth.He tends to get angry when people disagree with him.当人们不同意他的意见时，他很容易生气。9.achievement n.完成,成就,An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young.对一个如此年轻的人来说，获得奥运会银牌是个了不起的

7、成就。派生词：achieve v.完成，做到，达 到（目的），实现，获得He will never achieve his objectives if he doesnt work hard.如果他不努力，将会永远达不到目的。lO.attain：v.达到；获 得（长期努力后而获得）同义词：obtain,get用法：She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life.她下定决心要达到生活中的目标。The apple tree has attained to a great height.苹果树已长得很高了。ll.optimal adj 最佳的T

8、he sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off.船员们正在等待出航的最佳天气条件。12.argue：vt./vi.争辩，争论，辩论用法：作不及物动词用时，后边可以接with,about或 over（就争论），for（赞成）或 against（反对）She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues.她总喜欢为极小的问题进行争论。He often argues philosophy with James.他常和詹姆斯讨论哲学。He argued

9、for immediate action.他主张立即行动。They argued against such a policy.他们反对这种政策。作及物动词时，表示“说服、用辩论证明”的意思I argued him out going on such a dangerous journey.我说服他不做这样危险的旅行。He argued that man was descended from apes.他论证人类的祖先是猿。13.scheme n 计划方案He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20.他制定了 一个在20岁之

10、前发财的疯狂计划。14.multiple a d j多样的复合的What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have beenexposed.一个人下一步会做什么是他受到的多种影响的结果。15.ongoing a d j进行中的，前进的No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing.目前还没有达成任何协议，谈判仍在进行。16.entity n 存在实体He regarded the

11、 north of the country as a separate cultural entity.他把这个国家的北方看成一个单独的文化实体。17.skilled a d j熟练的，有技能的My mother is very skilled at/in dress-making.我母亲非常擅长做衣服。Phrases and Expressions1.(stand,get,be)in the w ay碍 事，挡道的；妨碍人的If you are not going to help,at least dont get in the way!如果你不愿帮忙，至少别妨碍人家。The chair i

12、s in the way,please move it away.这把椅子挡着路，请把它移开。相关短语：in a w ay在某种程度上；在某些方面；从某一点上看in no w ay决不；一点也不；in the way o f 按照；就。而 言 by way o f 取道，经 由 by the w ay顺便问一下2.to make a guess at 猜测You might have been able to make a guess at who she w as.你本来能够猜到她是谁。Can you make a guess at the price?你猜得出价钱吗？3.to seek t

13、o(i n f)寻求，争取Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of o il.发电站正在设法减少石油的使用4.i n part：部分地；有些部分；在某种程度上This was in part due to financial difficulties.部分是由于财政困难。The responsibility was in part because of m e.部分责任在我。5.point of view 视点，视角 The book looks at college life from a student*s point of vie

14、w.这本书从一个学生的视角来看大学生活。6.to vary from.to.从到不同，因 而异Salary scales vary from state to state.工资级别因州而异。7.contribute.t o 把 贡献给。Well contribute ourselves to this career after we graduate.我们毕业后将为此事业作贡献。contribute to 导致Smoking is the main factor contributing to lung cancer.吸烟是导致肺癌的主要因素。8.be beneficial to 对 有利Jo

15、gging is beneficial to our health.慢跑有利于我们的健康。Reciting passages is beneficial to improving oral English.朗 读（背诵）短文段落对提高英语口语有利。in.课文精讲第一部分 Para.l A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action thatare available.The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizat

16、ionalgoals and objectives.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists,goals orobjectives are wrong,or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.l.made from among alternative courses of action 是过去分词短语作定语 courses of action行动方针that are available是定语从句，修饰概念短语“行动方针”2.The reason

17、for making a decision is that a problem exists,goals or objectives are wrong,or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.此句是由that引导的表语从句，表语从句由a problem exist；goals of objectives are wrong；及 something is standing in the way of accomplishing them 三个并歹峋构成。The reason for.is that 是一个常用的句子。例

18、：The reason for canceling the travel is thatthey lack of money.取消旅行的原因是他们手头缺钱。The reason why.是另夕卜一个常用的句子。例：There are 3 reasons why they are unwillingto discuss insurance.他们不愿意谈论保险的原因有三个。Para.2 Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.Almosteverything a manager does involves deci

19、sions,indeed9 some suggest that the managementprocess is decision making.Although managers cannot predict the future,many of theirdecisions require that they consider possible future events.Often managers must make abest guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chan

20、ce,but sinceuncertainty is always there,risk accompanies decisions.Sometimes the consequences of apoor decision are slight；at other times they are serious.3.a manager does是省略that的定语从句，修饰先行词every thing当先行词为everything,something,anything,nothing等不定代词时定语从句引导词不可用w h ic h,此句的后半部分some suggest that 是宾语从句sug

21、gest v.认为，提出，建 议（其后的宾语从句多用于虚拟语气）4.although conj，虽然，尽管”引导让步状语从句例如：Although my car is very old,it still runs very well.虽然我的汽车很旧，但是仍然跑得很好。require v t.要求，需要 后边由that引导一个宾语从句5.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as littleas possible to chance,but since uncerta

22、inty is always there,risk accompanies decisions.make a best guess a t 作出最佳猜测，a t 表示动作或行为的方向和目标，如：look at（看），aim at（瞄准，目的是），throw（a stone）at（向掷石头），shoot at（射击），laughat（嘲笑）本句中what the future will b e 是一个介词宾语从句，（作介词a t 的宾语）；to leave sth.tochance“凭运气，听任命运的安排，听其自然发展”a+形容词（或副词）+as possible”意思是“尽可能地；尽 量 as

23、 little as possible尽可 能 少 I tried to be as friendly as possible.我尽量地表示友好。Come as quickly as possible.尽快来。since uncertainty is always there 是一个原因状语从句。risk accompanies decisions.风险伴随着决策6.sometimes.at other times 有时，而 有 时 则.a poor decision 一个不良决策第二部分 Para.3 Choice is the opportunity to select among alt

24、ernatives.If there is nochoice,there is no decision to be made.Decision making is the process of choosing,andmany decisions have a broad range of choice.For exampley a student may be able to chooseamong a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a collegedegree.For ma

25、nagers,every decision has constraints based on policies procedures,laws,precedents,and the like.These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.7.“选择”三个词的区别：alternative adj,两者或多于两者选一个，供选择的，n.替代物choice选自己喜欢的，挑出，选出select选出最好的，筛选、精选8.由 i f 引导的条件状语从句，主句中的不定式被动态to be made作定语，修饰decision9.range n

26、.范 围 a broad range of choice 一个很广的选择范围lO.For managersy every decision has constraints based on policies procedures,laws,precedents,and the like.本句中based o n 是一个过去分词作定语修饰constraints.be based o n 表示“建立在基础上例：The book is based on a true story.这本书是以一个真实的故事为依据的。He was the first to draw a map that was base

27、d on all available knowledge,rather thanguess or imagination.他第一个画出以当时所有的知识为基础的地图，而不是基于猜测和想象。and the lik e意思是“等等(之类的东西)例：He studied painting；musict English and the like.他学习 了绘画、音乐、英语等等。ll.at all levels 在各个层次”Para.4 Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made.Ifther

28、e are no alternatives,there is no choice and,therefore,no decision.If no alternativesare seen9 often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done.For example,managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion；this is their wayof simplifying complex problems.But the

29、 tendency to simplify blinds them to otheralternatives.12.from which引导定语从句，修 饰 courses of action行动方针13.a thorough job of examining 一个彻底的考察工作a thorough job 是主语，of examining the problems 修饰 job,has not been done 是句子的谓语。thorough a.彻底的 through prep.通过，穿过 though conj,虽然，尽 管(同 although)thought n.思想14.For

30、example,managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion：either/o r 意思是“非此即彼；二者择一例：We fight,or we dont-its an either/or decision.我们战斗或不战斗这是二者择一的决定。第三部分 Para.5 At the managerial level,decision making includes limiting alternativesas well as identifying them,and the range is from highly limit

31、ed to practically unlimited.15.At the managerial level,decision making includes limiting alternatives as well asidentifying them,and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.在 as well a s 结构中，强调前者limiting alternatives,不强调后者译为：作决策包括限定选择和识别选择，或者译成：不仅包括识别选择还要包括限定选择（除了包括识别选择外还有限定选择）prac

32、tically a d.实际上，事 实 上（在口语中译为，几乎，简直）在本文中是几乎的意思。例如：几乎是不可能practically impossiblePara.6 Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives isbest-that is,which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.Anorganizational goal is an end or a state of affai

33、rs the organization seeks to reach.Becauseindividuals（and organizations）frequently have different ideas about how to attain thegoals9 the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.Frequently,departments orunits within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that

34、 areless than optimal for the larger organization.Called suboptimization this is a trade-off thatincreases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to anotherunit or function.For example 9 the marketing manager may argue effectively for anincreased advertising budget.In th

35、e larger scheme of things,however,increased fundingfor research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.16.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.一个省略that或 which的定语从句，修 饰 a state of affairs”事物的状态，事态 to seek to dosth.追求，争取，寻

36、求，设 法（去做某事）17.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals thebest choice may depend on who makes the decision.本句中，because 弓|导了原因状语从句；在主句中，who makes the decision是作depend o n 的介词宾语从句。18.Frequently,departments or units within an organization make decisions that are

37、 goodfor them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.两 个 that引导的都是定语从句，修饰decisionsless than在此做状语，表示否定的含义，less than optimal“不太理想”例如：This job is less than perfect.这份工作不十分理想（完美）。19.this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases t

38、headvantages to another unit or function.that引导定语从句，修 饰 trade-off“权衡”increases和 decreases是定语从句的并列谓语Para.7 These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish toattain simultaneously.Some of these objectives are more important than others,but theorder and degree of import

39、ance often vary from person to person and from department todepartment.Different managers define the same problem in different terms.Whenpresented with a common case,sales managers tend to see sales problems,productionmanagers see production problems*and so on.2O.These trade-offs occur because there

40、 are many objectives that organizations wish toattain simultaneously.Because引导的原因状语从句中，有一个that引导的定语从句，修 饰 many objectives21.Some of these objectives are more important than others,but the order and degree ofimportance often vary form person to person and from department to department.vary from to 表示

41、各不相同的意思。例：The percentage varies from person to p erson.（税收的）比例因人而异。22.When presented with a common case presented with 面 对 过去分词短语前面加上when作时间状语。为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时常在分词前面加上when,while,evenif,even though,unless等连词作时间、条件、让步等状语。（详见语法要点）Para.8 The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based,in

42、 part,on thevalues of the decision maker.Such values are personal；they are hard to understands evenby the individual,because they are so dynamic and complex.In many business situationsdifferent peoples values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability causedisagreement about the correctness

43、of decisions.23.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based in part,on the valuesof the decision maker,be based o n 基于，取 决 于 in part部分地，在某种程度上对于多项目标的排序和重要性，部分地基于决策者的价值观。24.Different peoples values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability causedisagreement about the cor

44、rectness of decisions.两个about都是介词短语作定语，修饰前边的名词.不同人关于风险和收益可接受程度的价值观，导致了对于决策正确性的不同意见。Para.9 People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.But from a systemspoint of view,problems have multiple causes,and decisions have intended and unintendedconsequences.An organization is an ongoing e

45、ntity,and a decision made today may haveconsequences far into the future.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the futureconsequences of current decisions.25.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenonassume v t.认为，假定，设 想 th at引导宾语从句made today过去分词短语作定语，“今天作出的决策”far into the future形

46、容词短语作定语，“对将来有深远的影响”27.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.the skilled manager“一个干练的管理者，一个有经验的管理者”current a.当前的，现 时 的 n.流，水流，电流，气流一个干练的管理者可以从当今决策看到未来的结果。附：重点句l.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists,goals or objectives are wrong,or som

47、ething is standing in the way of accomplishing them.三个表语从句并列（第一段）Z.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as littleas possible to chance,but since uncertainty is always there,risk accompanies decisions.主从复合句（第二段）3.For managers,every decision has constraints

48、 based on policiesy procedures,laws,precedents,and the lik e.（第三段）4.For example,managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion；（第四段）5.Because individuals（and organizations）frequently have different ideas about how toattain the goals,the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.主从复

49、合句（第六段）6.Frequently,departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good forthem individually but that are less than optimal for the larger orgnization.（第六段）7.Some of these objectives are more important than others,but the order and degree ofimportance often vary from person to p

50、erson and from department to department.（第七段）8.When presented with a common case,sales managers tend to see sales problemsproduction managers see production problems,and so on.（第七段）Text B Secrets of Success at an InterviewI.New Words词组：to apply for 申请 day to day（=day-to-day）work 日常工作to take the trou