大学英语语法学习纲要.pdf
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1、大 学 英 语 语 法 学 习 提 纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法There is much paper and 2 books.There are 2 books and much paper.我读书。I am reading a book.我站.I am standing.1、词类:英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹w 1、名词(%):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。/c./1.s/es(ch,sh,o)os f7ves/fs2.a/an an apple a university studentFishes skies watersmany a
2、pples=many a=a good/great manyMany an apple has been eaten by him.A good/great many apples have been eaten by him.2 pieces of/much/paper have been eaten by him.如:boy,morning,paper,ball,class,orange.2、代词(pro.):主要用来代替名词。如:who,she,you,it.e s 2 hourfs drive of men/women nurses girl/boy studentsPass-ers
3、bySister-in-law4 stor(e)y apartmentOf/for/by oneself3、形容词(M/.):的 n.+ly=adj.ful 的(主动)respectful-b le被、可 的/值 得 的/受 的 respectable表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good,right,white,orange.4、数词(.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.Leisure+ly a walk5、动词(y.):/trans./trans-plantUnlike/insignificant/impolite
4、,immortal/illogic/irregularMisunderstandDiscontent/des/defend offendA dissuade B from v.ingAntiAmoral asocial abnormalV+er/or/ar/eer=n.V.+ness/ment/tion/sion/cian=n.AwakeN.+y/ful=a d j.的(主动)N.+IessN.+b l e=被 的/受 的 何 的/值得的(被动)Respectablet(e)v.tion/ationd(e)v.sion n.-sive adj.Adj.+ly=adv.N.+ly=adj.A l
5、eisurely walk in the yard语态:被(动)be ved、主动We are satisfied with/by his jobWe were flnished with the job and we went out.时态过 去 现 在 将来过去将来1.一 般 时V.2.进行时 be+v.+ing3.完成时 have+v.ed4.完成进行时 have been+v.ing我昨晚看完了那本书。I finished that book last night.单复数系动词+adj./n.Go mad beThere lies/is a river in front of my h
6、ouse.表示动作或状态。如:am,is,are,have,see.Be to v.1.You are to rewrite this.2./加 to go finishing.3.My job is to look after you.VingVed1.,sb/sth v.ed/v.ing+We are satisfied with/by his job and we went out.We satisfied with/by his job,we went out.We are satisHed with/by his job,we going out.We were Hnished wi
7、th the job and we went out.We have finished the job and we went out.We/on(as soon as)finishing he job,we went out.We having finished the job,we went out.Be ed with1.satisfied with/by his job,we went out.2.Being finished with the job,we went out.2.Prep.+sbs ving+We are satisfied with your tellimg me
8、that.He responded coldly to your running to tell him.6、副词(4力.):a d j.+Iy 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.7、Deep7、冠词(wf.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a,an,the.8、介词一印.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如 in 1.-a tree 2.a week 3.in(way)aspect/respectO nl.th e tr e e 2.E ng l i sh appr oac h e sF
9、 or 1.3 d ays 2.g o Be i ji ng 3.E xc use me f or myT o(war d s)Wi th U p 1.g e t 2.br e ak 3.T h e wi nd,on,f r om,above,be h i nd.O ve r9、连词(co句.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如but,be f or e .10感叹词(加fe/.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh,we l l,h i,he l l o.2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么九通常用
10、名词或代词担任。如:V m M i ss(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么产。主要由动词担任。如:Jac k c l e ans th e r oom e ve r y d ay.(杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:M y name i s P 加*pi ng.(我的名字叫停建)4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He c an spe l l th e word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物
11、的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a l e tte r .(他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wr ote a l e tte r to me .(他给我写了二封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:S h ang h ai i s a bi g c i ty.(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He wor ks h ar d.(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词
12、或动词充当。如:T h e y usual l y ke e p th e i r c l assr oom c/ea/z.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/He of te n h e l ps me d o my kssons.(他常常帮我做功课)/Th e te ac h e r wante d me to l e ar n F r e nc h al l Z y 吐yse比(老师要我自学法同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Whe r e i s yor c l assmate T om?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合
13、成法:如:spac e sh i p,h e ad ac h e,baske tbal l,pl ayg r ound 等等。2、派生法:(1)派生名词:动词+er/or动词+加g动词+(切 形 容 词+ess 其他,如:i nve ntor,l e ar ne r,swi i ni ni ng,c on g r atu l ati on,ki nd ne ss,c ar e l e ssne ss,knowl e d g e(2)派生形容词:名词+y名词动词+加g/ed friendlydangerous)Chinese;Japanese English French(9)German 国名
14、+如:snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,foilwing,daily(每日的),ervos,delicious(3)派生副词:形容词+I y其它,如:仇good well,possiblepossibly 等等。3、转换法:(1)形容词一动词,如:dry(干燥的)-d r y(弄干),c/ea(干净的)-(打扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词一名词,如:look,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk等等。名词一动词,如:(手)一(传递)加ce(脸)一(面对)等等。(4)形容词一副词,如:early nearly,fas
15、tfast 等等。(5)副词一连词,如:w/rezz(什么时候)一(当.时候),等等。介词一副词,如:加(到 里)一(在里面;在家),0(在上)一(进行,继续),等等。二、名词:Unimportant/insignificant/impolite/illogic/irregularDis contentMis understandFm looking for the book/man which/that/who is interesting to me/whom/that i am interested in.Fm looking for something/the biggest book
16、/the very book/the 2n book that is interesting to me.Im looking for the book/man,which/who isinteresting to me.This is the time/place/reason/way when/where/why/how i was with my grandma/iwas late/.This is the very time/2 nd place/the best reason/some way that i was with my grandma at/in/i was late f
17、or/in.must have ved/to have vedIf not/but for/without helped/ing me with my computer,i would fail the exam the day after tomorrow.1.V./ved/adj./n.;it is ved that;it is important sb(Should)vThe general made an order that our men(Should)march on.The general made an order that made me surprised.He insi
18、sted that Mary(Should)be taken tohospital at once.He Insisted that Mary made that report justnow.He Insisted that what Mary made just nowwas right.2.It is time that/A would/should/had rather that B V.edIts high time that you went to bed.F rather that you went to bed.3.Wish ved/have vedCan/may/must/c
19、ould/mightMust1.It must be true;it can be true.2.It must/can have rained last night,for the ground is wet/dry.He didnt go down until mom had called him 3 times.He insisted that not until mom had called him 3 times did he go down.It is not until mom had called him 3 times that he went down.He hardly
20、did this,There used to be,didnt/usedn there?Lets,shall we?Let us,will you?1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:v.+er/or/ar=n.t(e).v.tion/expect-ationsm-s t者主义d(e)v.sion n.sive adj.In ex1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如:Be i ji ng,T om,th e Pe opl e fs R e publ i c 0/C加。(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠
21、词机e。如:功e Gr e at 长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:/e Greens(格林一家人)。2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil,family,man,foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如:box,child,orange;不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water,news,oil,population,information.2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:在单数名词词尾加 So 如:map map
22、s,boy 一 boys,horse-horses,table tables.s,o,x,s/r,c力结尾的词加 es汝 口:class-classes,box-boxes,heroheroes,dishdishes,bench benches.注:少数以。结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo photos,pianopianos.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加eso如:familyfamilies,citycities,party parties.以/或先结尾的名词茂/或先为打 再加es。如:shelfshelves,wolfwolves,lifelives,knife kni
23、ves.2、不规贝!变化:man-men,womanwomen,sheep-sheep,toothteeth,fishfish,childchildren,oxoxen,goosegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice Two bags of rice,a piece of paper three pieces of paper,a bottle of milk five bottles of milk.3、名词所有格:1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西
24、的名词常在词尾加,s。如:Childernfs(儿童节),my sisterfs加。女(我姐姐的书)(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加,。如:教师节)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加工如:today fs newspaper(今天的报纸),tenm加 fes,AreaA(十分钟的课间休息),China 8 population(中国的人 口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词“短语来表示所有关系。如:a fine daughter of the Par。(党的好女儿).2、注解:勺还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:,町 G
25、加找我阿姨家),th e doctor 为(诊所)两人共有某物时,可以采用A and Bfs的形式,如:L uc y and L i l ys bedroo/(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a f r i e ndof my/h统er乞我父亲的一位朋友),a f r i e nd of幽超(我的一位朋友)4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:T h e c ompute r was a g r e at i 力。儿(计算机是个了不起的
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