大学英语语法.pdf

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1、大学英语语法大学英语语法语法概述:语法有词法和句法两大块。1.词法有十类：名词、动词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词2.句法就是句子的框架结构：1）句子成分：主/谓/利宾/补/定/状/同位语2）句子类型：按用途分陈述句/疑问句/祈使/感叹句；按结构分简单句/并列句和复合句。句子成分：主语/谓语 :主语：我们谈及或记录的人 地点 事物，可以是单数或复数.:如：Its sunny.（It 为主语）We like reading.（we 为主语）:谓语：由动词构成，表明主语是什么或做什么.谓语动词可以是系动词 及物动词或不及物动词.:如：Katherin is my sister

2、,（is 为谓语）Katherin loves novels.（love为谓语,love是及物动词，及物动词必须跟一个直接宾语novels-即表明动词直接指向的人或物）:带有间接宾语的及物动词：:间接宾语-般由人充当，是直接宾语的接受者.如:John gave Katherine some flowers,（gave 是谓语，间接宾语是 Katherine,直接宾语some flowers）:不及物动词当谓语：:不及物动词后不直接跟宾语.如：John travels.My car runs.句子成分:表语/宾语*表语说明主语是什么或怎么样，用在系动词后面.*如：He is a singer.（

3、singer是表语）You are clever.（clever是表语）。宾语:用在谓语之后，它和及物动词一起说明主语是什么或做什么.11:Mr.Smith loves pop music.（pop music 是宾语）We enjoy traveling.（travelling 是宾语）句子成分:补语。补语用于补充说明主语或宾语.补语分为宾语补足语和主语补足语.。宾语补足语:有些句子有宾语也不足以把意思表达完整，还需要在宾语后加一些词或短语使句子更完整.:如：I will make you queen.（queen是宾语补足语）We found Anne out.（out是宾语补足语）句子成

4、分:定语/状语:定语用来修饰名词或代词的，表示”的”.:如：The green cup is mine.（the green 为定语）They like glass window.（glass为定语）:状语是用来修饰动词 形容词 副词，表示行为发生的时间 地点昉式 程度 目的等。如:He drives carefully.（carefully 是状语）To be a musician,he practiced a lot.:（不定式是目的状语）句子成分:同位语:同位语位于名词或名词性短语之后，说明其内容，对其做进一步解释.一般有名词/名词性短语或从句担任.:如:This is Mr.Zhou,

5、director of our ho叩ital.（director of our hospital 是同位语）You girls may take those seats over there.（girls是同位语）。语法很重要。如果用大楼作比喻，词法就是砖瓦水泥；句法就是盖楼的设计图纸。二者紧密相连，就像人的血肉和骨骼。词法很重要。用电影作比较：名词是男女演员，代词是替身演员；形容词、数词、冠词好比演员的身份、相貌和华丽的外衣；动词是动作表演，副词是表情和武打设计；介词和连词可比作情节设计，使整个剧情连接起来；感叹词相当于小品演员，夸张的表情让你印象深刻。3.语法基础知识字母的大小写：大写字

6、母用于句子/专有名词/标题中主要单词的首字母和缩略语。标 点 符 号（11种：句、逗、问、感叹、分、冒、破折、括、撇号、连字符号）字母与单词（5 个元音21个辅音字母；单词都有属性。）句子的构成：主语部分+谓语部分主语一一名词及其限定词（谁）谓语一一动词极其修饰语（干什么）1.名词一、名词的分类 专有名词(Proper Nouns)表示某人、机构、地方、物等特有的名称,首字母大写。如：Beijing,China Daily,Monday,Christmas.普通名词(Common Nouns)包括可数名词和不可数名词.可数名词 指一个人、一个物、一个地点、一个团体或一个抽象概念.使用名词的单数

7、：1.前面要加名词限定词，如 a/an,one,this,that,any,each,my,your,their 或一个表示所有格的名词如Marys.2.单数名词的谓语动词也用单数.如：名词限定词单数名词动词单数Thepenisblack.Yourteamwinsthe race.Myfamilyispoor.注意：集合名词作为一个整体时,其谓语动词用单数.如This company has 200people.集合名词的本质为复数，如 people,police,cattle,staff,crew等.表示此团队里的所有人或物时，其谓语动词用复数.如：My family are earlier

8、 risers.The people in the village like the new teacher.The police are running after a thief.Many cattle are suffering from the disease.3.可数名词的复数 可数名词单数变复数的规则：1.大部分名词后面直接加-s.2.以ch,sh,s,x 或 z 结尾的名词后面加-es。如 bosses,foxes,beaches,dishes,buzzes 等 3.下列以。结尾的名词后面加-es.如：heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,echoes.下列以。结尾的

9、名词后面加-s。Radios,zoos,logos,solos,kilos,pianos,photos 等下列以。结尾的名词后加-s 或 es都可以：Eskimo(e)s,buffalo(e)s,volcano(e)s,commando(e)s,mosquito(e)s.4.以“辅音+y”结尾的名词，去掉y 再加-ies.Baby-babies,lady-ladies,candy-candies.以“元音+y”结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s.Boy-boys,key-keys,day-days.5.以f 或 fe结尾的名词，去掉f(e)再 加-ves。如：wife-wives,thief-thi

10、eves.下列以f 或 fe 结尾的名词，可以直接加-s 或去掉f(e)再 加-ves.Dwarf?dwarfs/dwarvesHoof/hoofs/hoovesWharf/wharfs/wharvesScarf/scarfs/scarfves 下面以f 或 fe结尾的名词直接加-s：Chef/chefs,roof/roofs,cafe/cafes,belief/beliefs 6.单数变复数的不规则变化：Man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,Ox-oxen,child-children,tooth-teethTwo people,louse-lice,mouse-mic

11、eGoose-geese,die-dice,policeman-policemen 7.下面名词单数与复数形式相同：One Swiss-two SwissOne Chinese/Japanese-three Chinese/JapaneseOne fish-six fishOne deer-five deerOne sheep-four sheepOne aircraft/spacecraft-two aircraft/spacecraftOne hovercraft-six hovercraftOne works-six worksOne barracks-two barracksOne c

12、rossroads-two crossroadsOne headquarters-two headquartersOne series-six seriesOne means-two meansOne species-six species 8.由两部分构成的东西如glasses（眼镜）、trousers（裤子）scissors（剪刀），compasses（圆规）等本身是复数，表示具体数目，要加上量词pair,suit等。如：A pair of glasses-two pairs of glasses A pair of jeans-two pairs of jeans A pair of s

13、ocks-two pairs of socks不可数名词 指物质、思想、概念、状态、品质、感情等不能分割尾单个个体，“不可以数，不可 以 计 算 的 如：Tea,hair,dust,coffee,rice,sand,paint 等.不可数名词数量的表达要借助单位词：1.表示容积，如 cup,glass,bottle 等。A bag of riceTwo cups of coffee A pack of cigarette,six glasses of juice 2.表示形状，如 bar,slice,bunch 等。Three blocks of ice A drop of rain Five

14、 cakes of soapFour slices of meat A bunch of flower A bar of chocolate 3.表示行为动态，如 flash,wisp等。A gust of wind A flash of light A wisp of smoke A burst of laughter 4.表示个数，如 piece等。Two pieces of bread A piece of paper A piece of adviceA piece of news不可数名词的谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：My houseworkjs too much for me.

15、Sunshine makes plant healthy.A lot of money is good for a better life.有些名词既可以作可数名词用，也可以作不可数名词用，表达不同意思。如：Time 可数:I have been to Hainan three times.不可数：Its time for lunch.Light 可数：Turn on the lights,please.不可数：Its too dark.We need light.glass 可数：I want one more glass of water.不可数:Bottles are made of g

16、lass.Iron 可数：Iron can press clothes.不可数:St ike while the iron is hot.二、名词的所有格名词所有格的构成有勺和of th e 两种。1）表示人拥有什么时用 s 属格。不能用后者。如：Helena book/a book of Helen?s不能说：a book of the Helen2）除人以外有生命的或自然事物，两者皆可用。如：themooifs rays/the rays of themoon/the cats eyes/the eyes of the cat3）集合名词、某些时间短语的表达可用两者。如：the clubs

17、 chairman/the chairman of the clubTomorrows meeting/the meeting of tomorrow4）其它无生命的事物用of the形式，不能用s o如：the legs of the desk/the name ofthis road当两个名词并列在一起，表示两者共同拥有的事物时，再第二个名词后面加以如：John and Mary?s room 两人住同一间房若分别表示两人的则都要加过如：Johns and Marys room 两人住在不同房间名词所有格有些固定用法可直接表示店铺、教堂或某人的家。如：the barbersthe dent

18、istsmy unclesthe butchersST.Paulthe Greens三.名词的性的种类阳性名词：monk actor widower阴性名词：nun actress widow通性名词：可表阳性又可表阴性baby child中性名词：desk water house很多名词不分阴阳，可加man/male/he来表示阳，加 woman/female/she表示阴.man teacher female monkeymale nurse he-goat she-wolf四.名词的比较 1.数量的比较 1).复数名词或不可数名词进行比较，表达“谁比谁多 More 4-名词+than+名

19、词 More+名词+than+主语+动词 如：I have more T-shirts than dresses.I have more toys than Lisa does.2).复数名词间表达“谁比谁少”可用few er+名词+than结构，如：I have fewer dresses than T-shirts.Lisa has fewer toys than I do.3).不可数名词间表达“谁比谁少”可以用less+名词+than结构，如：I have less milk than water.4).复数名词间表达两者数量一样，可以用：as many+名词+as The same

20、number of+名词+as 如：I have as many pens as notebooks.I have the same number of pens as Jane does.5).不可数名词间表达两者数量一样，可以用：As much+名词+as The same amount of+名词+as 如：I have as much juice as wine.I have the same amount of juice as she does.2.尺寸、重量、形状、颜色的比较 The same size/weight/shape/color.+as+名词 如：My shoes a

21、re the same size as moms shoes.Our shoes are the same size.Tracy has the weight as her brother.They have the same weight2.代词数词派代词一代替名词或起名词作用的短语/句子的词人称 代 词（主格/宾格/数/性）I/you/he/she/it/we/me/her物主 代 词（形容词性/名词性）My/your/her/mine/yours/hers反身代词 herself/itself/myself 指示代 this/that/these/those疑 问 代 词（构成特殊问句）

22、who/whom/whose/which/what关系代词（引导定语从句）that/who/whom/whose/which相互代词（表示相互关系）One another/each other不定代词all/every/none/both/little/few/some/many/much/other等。X数词：基数词和序数词1.二者的句法功能：1）作定语：There are three boys here.2）作主语：Thirteen is an unlucky number.3）宾语：It has a population of one million.4）作表语：Two and two

23、is four.5）作同位语:They two will go abroad.2.序数词前的冠词1）序数词主要用作定语，通常要加冠词。I was the second to speak.I will never give up,not even on the l,OOth try.2）不加冠词，表示“再一”，又一”。Shall I ask him a third time?还要再问他一次吗？（已问了两遍）WeH have to do it a second time.我们得重做一次。3.分数的表示：分子基数、分母序数词1）较小分数的读写方法：分子由基数表示，分母由序数词表示1/3一one-th

24、ird 2/3一two-thirds2）较复杂分数的简明读写方法：a/b-a over b 或 a divided by b 如：22/9twenty-two over nine3）分数用作前置定语时，分母要用单数形式。a one-third mile,a three-month-old babya three-quarter majority4).整数与分数之间必须用and连接。如：four and a halfNine and two fifths4.小数表示法 :小数点读作：point :读法：6.86:six point eight six 14.15:fourteen point o

25、ne five345.456:Three four five point four five sixThree hundred and forty five point four five six5.百分数表示法:T.百分数中的百分号读作percent.如：6%Six percent0.6%(zero)point six percent500%Five hundred percent6.倍数表示法。表达法很多，如：1.At a rough estimate,Nigeria is three times the size of Great Britain.。倍数+the size(length,

26、height,width,weight)+of 2.This room is four times as big as mine.:倍数+as+adj.原级+as 3.This room is three times larger than that one.:倍数+a d j.比较级+than7.算式表示法 6+5=11Six plus five is eleven./six and five is eleven.11-6=5 Eleven minus six is five/Six from eleven is five.4*5=20Four multiplied by five is t

27、wenty.Four times five is twenty.20/4=5Twenty divided by four is fiveFour into twenty goes five.3.冠词定冠词和不定冠词 1.不定冠词a 和 anA.在 元 音（单词开头的音标）前用an.An apple,an hourB.在 辅 音（单词开头的音标）前用a.A tree,a pen,a car.C.用于固定词组中a little,a few,a lot of,have a good time 等。2.定冠词theA.特 指 某（些）人 或 某（些）物I like the hot milk.O B.再

28、次提到双方都知道的人或事物Do you need an interpreter?How much is the interpreter fee per day?C.用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物The poor,the old,the monkey=monkeysD.用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位前The moon/earth/sun/universeThe right/left/eastE.用在序数词、形容词最高级及only所修饰的名词前The fourth of June 六月四号The best student最好的学生the only lie.这是唯一的一次撒谎。O F.用在普通

29、名词构成的专有名词前the Great Wallthe United Nationsthe Peoples Republic of ChinaOG.用在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。thechens 陈氏一家the willians威廉姆夫妇H.用在习惯用语中：play the piano,in the morning/afternoon/evening,all the same 等不用冠词的情况 1.在专有名词和不可数名词前。:名词分专有名词和普通名词（可 数、不可数）:专有名词指特定的某个人、某些人、地方、组织或物的名称。President Clinton I prefe

30、r water to milk.。但如果不可数名词是我们特指的那个时，要加th e.如：I usually dont eat breakfast,but the breakfast you made was delicious.:*2.名词前有物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。Her bike,that man,all students 3.复数名词表示一类人或事物 I like the pandas.4.在星期、月份、季节和节日前 on Friday/Mid-autumn Day in July/summer 5.在称呼、头衔和职务等名词前 Doctor/Professor/P

31、resident Clark 6.一日三餐前 Have breakfast/lunch/dinner7.一些固定短语中play tennis/badmintonat home/school比较下列短语中有无冠词的差异at table/at the tableIn front of/in the front ofIn school/in the schoolIn office/in the officeIn jail/at the jail4.介词介词通常连接名词或代词，表示空间/时间或逻辑上的关系。空间：over,above,below,under,near,in back o f,acros

32、s,along,past,up时间：since,for,through,on,during.其他：by(car),with,without,in(red),of,instead of,for,as,except.X 介词短语和短语介词介词短语是介词加介词宾语构成；短语介词是一个相当于介词的词组。如：There is a tree in front of the house.in front o f是短语介词，in front of the house是介词短语。X 介词短语的句法功能：除谓语外的所有成分 From A to B is a 5 minutes9 walk.（主语）I am at

33、home now.（表语）。Fred came out from behind the tree.（宾语）She is a women of strong character.（定语）He woke up and found himself in bed.（补语）WeUl meet at the station.（状语）介词的搭配介词常和形容词/名词/动词等构成固定搭配。介词+名词(如：in English,at home,on fire.)形容词+介 词(如：crazy about,surprised at,patient with,similar to,related t o.)动词+介

34、词(如：argue about,look for,laugh atapply to,provide with,subscribe to,stop from.)X介词的省略1.在last,wait等动词后表示一段时间。如：Our holidays are to last for three weeks.He waited for some 20 minutes.2.在以 this,that,next,last,yesterday,one,every,some any 和 all 等开始的表示时间的词组前。Call in(来 一 趟)this evening if possible.3.在(in)

35、this/the same/another way,等词组里常省略。5形容词副词派形容词描写修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的归宿、状态、大小或数量等。可分为：1.简单：small,lucky,boring,amazed2.复合:duty-free,sugar-coated,icy-cold3.限制性（去掉会影响名词的意义）：a Catholic church（一座天主教堂）a Chinese dish（一道中国菜）4.非限制性：a delicious Chinese disha grand Catholic churc（一座宏伟的天主教堂）X 形容词的句法功能1.作定语Its an intere

36、sting book.2,作表语The book is interesting.3.作补语I find the book interesting.4.作主语或宾语The rich are not always happy.There is lack of communication between the young and the old.5.作状语Youd beter drink the tea hot.X形容词比较级 1.单音节形容词后直接加ertall-taller,cold-colder2.以e 结尾的单音节形容词后加rLate-later nice-nicer3.以辅音+元音+辅音

37、结尾的单音节词，双写最后一个辅音再加上er.Mad-madder sad-sadder hot-hotter4.以辅音+y结尾的双音节形容词，把 y 去掉，再加ierangry-angrierhappy-happier5.一些双音节词，后面直接加er.narrow 一 narrower quiet-quieter6.其他双音节词或多音节词前面加more.Capable-more capableCareful-more carefulDifficult-more difficult:*7.下列形容词采用不规则比较级形式:Good-betterBad-worseLittle-lessMany-mo

38、reFar-farther/furtherOld-older/elder:名词化的形容词常与定冠词连用The sick were sent home.TheyHl build a school for the deaf and the b lin d.（泛指一类的人，看作复数）One of the locals told me how to go to the sta tio n.（有个当地人可加复数词尾s）WeUl take our finals next week.:形容词的比较原级、比较级和最高级原级的基本结构有:1.as+形容词原级+as:as tall as his father2.

39、as many/much+可数/不可名词+asHe earns as much money as his father does.3.as+形容词原级+a+可数名词单数+asHe is as good a teacher as his father.:形容词的比较级结构1.比较级+than:A is bigger than B.2.比较级+名词/形容词+thamI did more work than he did.A is more interesting than B.3.The more ,the more.The higher,the colder.X形容词最高级 1.在形容词前面加上

40、定冠词th e,然后在形容词尾加est.young-the youngest nice-the nicest happy-the happiest 2.一些双音节或多音节形容词最高级在形容词前加the most The most popular the most important:W.下列形容词最高级时不规则的Good-the bestFar-farthest/furthestMany-the mostBad-the worstLittle-the least4.形容词前加the least,表示形容词最高级的否定式。The least popular最不受欢迎的The least famo

41、us最不有名的:形容词最高级的基本结构：the+最高级+比较范围（介词 of Zin/that 从句 This is the best of all.This is the most interesting film that I have seen.Tom is the tallest boy in his class.。形容词的位置一个名词被几个形容词修饰时，名词前面形容词的排序是：首先，限定词(some,a,the,my,this)其 次，主 观 描 述 性 形 容 词(表 明 说 话 者 态 度 good,beautiful,comfortable)接着，表事实的描述性形容词：大 小(

42、big,small,large)形状(round,square)-新旧/年龄(young,new,old)颜色国籍出处(English,American)质地材料(wood,stone,silk)最后，中心名词.几个美味的日本红苹果：several delicious redJapanese apples 副词副词一一修饰动词、形容词、其他副词等。:副词的句法功能 1.状语：He works h a r d.(修饰动词)He is very h a p p y.(修饰形容词)Youd write clearly enough for us to r e a d.(修饰另一个副词)They ar

43、rived just on tim e.(修饰介词短语)Luckily,she hasnt got much hurt.(修饰整句)。副词与形容词的关系二者关系密切，很多形容词加上后缀变成副词。大部分形容词和副词形式不同，但有些相同。如;He works hard.He is a hard worker.You are right.Put it right in the middle.He works well.He doesnt feel well.:*2.作表语 Jerry is not in at the moment:*3.作 补语When I got on the island,I

44、found nobody about.（about 作宾语补语）:当我上了那个岛时，我发现周围没有一个人。:*4.作定语 The things here are cheap.（here 作 thing 后置定语）6.动词/助动词/情态动词 动词一一表示动作或状态的词。动词类别 1.根据用途分为助动词和实义动词。:实义动词：表示有关主语的动作或状态的主要动词。如：Study,walk,sing助动词：和实义动词一起构成不同时态、语态或语气的动词。如：do,have,can 2.根据能否接宾语，分为及物和不及物动词。3.根据能否作谓语：限 定 性（受主语的限制，和主语在人称和数上保持一致）和非限定

45、性动词。限定性动词：和主语在人称和数上保持一致。人称：谓语动词和主语在人称上一致。如：I am working.（第一人称）You are working.（第二人称）:数：谓语动词和主语在数上保持一致。如：Tom works hard.（第三人称单数）They work hard.（第三人称复数）4.根据过去式和过去分词的变化，分为规则动词和不规则动词。动词的基本形式 1.原形前面不加to 的不定式形式：have,work,study 2.第三人称单数形式has,works,studies 3.过去式和过去分词had,worked,liked,studied,patted,4.现在分词hav

46、ing,working,liking,studying 助动词:助动词一本身没词义，帮助主要动词构成时态、语态、否定和疑问结构。主要有:be（been,being,am,are,is,was,were）have（has,had）shall（should）表将来，用于第一人称，在现代英语中常被will取代。will（would）Do（does,did）情态动词:情态动词有其自身的词汇意义，表示或暗示情绪或态度，表示可能、建议、必要、愿望、允许、能力等。情态动词必须和实义动词的原形一起构成谓语，不随主语的不同而变化。常见的情态动词有：can/could,may/might,must,ought t

47、o,dare shall/should,will/would,need（仅用于否定句和疑问句）等。l.can和 could的用法ca n 表示能力或可能性，用于现在或将来。could多用于过去，指现在时表示虚拟或委婉。I can speak English.（能力）The moon cant always be at the fu ll.（可能）You can borrow my dictionary.（允许）How can Albert so m de?（惊异、怀疑）They said they could s w im.（过去）I would go if I c o u ld.（虚拟）Co

48、uld I help you?（委婉）2.C an与 M ay的比较:二者在表可能和允许是意义相同（may还可表愿望，如：May you live long.）,但不能随意互换：:表可能时may仅用于肯定句，而 can可用于各种句式。如：You may/can/cant find him in the classroom.表允许时，二者意义上无区别，只 是 m ay比较正式，而 can比较口语话。如：May I come in?Can I have a look at your new dress?3.must的用法:（must/have to在表示“必须”时，二者很接近，只是前者着重说明主观

49、看法，这种必须多是出于责任、义务或强制命令，后者强调客观需要。如：1 must wash the clothes.（主观想法）I have to wash the c lo th e s.（客观想法）You must be back e a r ly.（命令或叮嘱）You have to be back e a r ly.（客观需要）2.mustn:表示禁止。如：You mustnH leave here.Cars mustnt be parked in front of the entrance.3.表示建议。如：You mustnt miss the play.It is very goo

50、d.You must come to supper tonight.4.表示较肯定的推测，用于肯定句。Lily must be at home now.Kelly must be over fifty.5.有时表“偏偏”之意。The car must break down just when we were about to start off.4.must和 may区别:T.m a y 表示的可能性比must小。*1 may meet him somewhere.His face seems so familiar.。我可能在哪里见过他，他似乎很面熟。You must be the new