初一升初二语法总结.pdf
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1、初一升初二英语讲义第一讲名词的数难点重点:掌握名词单复数以及所有格的形式一、可数名词有单、复数两种形式:可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加“a 或 an”;复数形式是在名词后加“-S或-es”。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种,规则变化及其读音可依照下表:当名词为:词尾变化读音 例 词一般情况加s 在清辅音后读/s/chips,jeeps,pats,clocks在浊辅音或元音后读/z/boys,sharpeners,sofas,drawers以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的单词力口 es/iz/watches,boxes,classes,brushes以字母 o 结尾的单词 加 s 或 es/
2、z/zoos,photos,bamboos,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,以辅音字母+y结尾的单词去y 变 i 加 es/z/dictionaries,strawberries,以 f 或 fb结尾的单词去f 或 f e 变 v 加 es/vz/leaves,wives,halves以 th 结尾的词力口 s/6z/;/0z/mouths,paths;months,deaths2.可数名词复数的不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母eg.man men,woman-women,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse mice单复数同形 e
3、g.Chinese-Chinese,deer-deer,fish-fish,sheep-sheep,.由m an和 woman构成的合成词,每个名词都要变复数eg.a man doctor-men doctors,a woman teacher women teachers注意:有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式eg.trousers,clothes,glasses,shorts,scissors,etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数,实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数).eg.maths,phyiscs,politics,news3.不可数名词:表示不能计算数
4、目的人或物,称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式,但有其特殊用法:同一个词,变成复数形式,意义不同。eg.food食物-fo o d s各种食物,time 时 间-times 时代,green 绿 色-greens 青菜有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物eg.hope-hopes 希望 hardship-hardships 艰苦物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示eg.a cup of tea,seven pieces of bread,several bags of rice,.三、名词的所有格名词的所
5、有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式,一种是在名词后+s;另一种是用 o f,表 示“的”。1.(1)一般词的所有格,直接在词尾+s。eg.Mr.Mott,s robot,childrens clothes(2)以 s 结尾的名词所有格只在词尾+eg.teachers!books(3)两人共有的物体,则在第二个名词后+s;如果分别是两人所有,则在每个名词后面+s。eg.Lucy and Lily飞room.(指两人共住一个房间)Mrs.Greens and Mrs.Browns son.(指两人各自的儿子)(4)表示某具体场所时,所有格后面的名词可省略eg.the doctors(of
6、fice)Mr.Whites2.(1)没有生命的事物般用o f 短语来表示所属关系。eg.the wall of the classroom,a picture of the bedroom,(2)名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用o f短语表示。eg.a long story of a 50-year-old man双重所有格 eg.a friend of his,the big nose of Toms有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加s 来构成所有格。eg.tenminutes?walk,todays newspaper课题例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!1
7、.They got much from those new books.A.ideas B.photos C.news D.stories解析:m uch是用来修饰不可数名词的,A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式,C项为不可数名词,因此选C.2.1 have two and three bottles of here.A.orange,orange B.oranges,orangesC.oranges,orange D.orange,oranges解析:orange有两种含义,一种可数名词橘子,另一种是不可数名词橘汁,此题第一空应填可数名词,第二空填不可数名词,因 此 选 Co3.Eve
8、ry evening M r.King takes a to his home.A.25 minutes walk B.25 minutes walkC.25 minute walk D.25 minutes walk解析:句 中 的 minute应该用其复数的所有格形式,只+而不能+s,因此选A。4.An old wants to see you.A.people B.person C.the people D.the person解析:person与 people都有 人 的意思、,但用法不同.“一个人”用“a person”,“两 个 人 用 two persons;people泛 指“
9、人们”是集合名词,表示复数,the people指“人民”,a people指 一 个 民 族 应 选 B。5.Help yourself to.A.chickens and apples B.chickens and appleC.chicken and apple D.chicken and apples解析:chicken可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词,故应+s,因此选D。6.Oh,dear.I forgot the two.A.rooms number B.rooms number C.room numbers D.rooms
10、numbers解析:roomnumber房间号码.room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词.类似的还有myphsics teacher,two bus drivers 等.应选 C。7.She has been in Tianjin for ten years.Tianjin has become her s econd.A.family B.house C.home D.room解析:family指的是家庭或是家庭成员;house指的是房子(住所);room 指的是房间;而home指的是家,因此选C.8.mothers couldnt go to the meeting,because they
11、 have gone to Shanghai.A.Mary and Peters B.Mary and PeterC.Marys and Peter D.Marys and Peters解析:此 句 中“mothers”是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选D。9.Li Lei has been to many times this month.A.her uncle B.her uncles C.her uncles D.aunts解析:此句意为“李雷这个去她舅舅家多次表示具体场所时,可省去所有格后面的名词.因此选B。10.He is a success as a leader but he
12、 hasnt in teaching.A.many experiences B.much experienceC.an experience D.a lot experience解析:experience作“经验”讲时是不可数名词,作“经历”讲时是可数名词.本句中应理解为“经验”,因此是不可数名词,排 除 A C.又 因 a lot of,lots of,plenty o f 只用于肯定句,不用于否定句,因此选B。11.A classmate of was here ten minutes ago.A.you B.your C.your sister D.your sisters解析:此题考查
13、名词的双重所有格.应选D。12.A group of are talking with two.A.Frenchmen,Gennans B.Germans,FrenchmansC.Frenchmans,Germen D.Germen,Frenchmen解析:Frenchman是复合词,其复数形式为Frenchmen;German的复数为直接在单词末尾+S,应选A.13.The t eam having a meeting.A.is B.are C.am D.be解析:team 是一个集合名词,即可表示复数意义(指整个小组),也可指小组中的成员(表示复数),此题意为后者,因此选B。14.“Wou
14、ld you like?”“,please.55A.drink,Three coffees B.a cup of drink,CoffeesC.a drink,A coffee D.a drink,Three cups of coffees解析:drink和 coffee是不可数名词,可以用.of来表示数量,eg,three cups of coffee,当前面加a 时,则 表 示“一杯”.因 此 选 C。15.The Great Wall was made not only by,but also the flesh and blood of men.A.earth and stone,mi
15、llions of B.earths and stones,millionsC.the earth and stone,million of D.the earths and stones,millions解析:earth是不可数名词,因此删除B D,数以百万的应为millions o f.因此选A。课后练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!选择最佳答案:1.Last night,there was a food accident.The were ill,but no were lost.A.child,lives B.children,life C.children,lives D.child
16、,life2.This is a photo of when they were young.一OK,how happy they both looked!A.my father and mother B.my mother and fathersC.my mothers and fathers D.my fathers and my mother3.The new student is in,Grade Two.A.Class Third B.Third Class C.Class Three D.Three class4.Today is September 10th.It*s Day.L
17、ets go and buy some flowers for ourteachers.A.Teachers B.Teachers*C.the Teachers D.Teachers5.The market isn*t far from here.Ifs only bicycle ride.A.half an hours1 B.half an hours C.half an hour D.an hour and a half6.What would you like to drink,girls?,please.A.Two cup of coffee B.Two cups of coffeC.
18、Two cups of coffee D.Two cups of coffees7.During Christmas,people get together and sing Christmas songs fbr.A.fiin B.wishes C.interest D.thanks8.Some are flying kites near the rive匚A.child B.boy C.boys D.childs9.After the exam,well have holiday.A.two weeks B.two-weeks C.two weeks*D.two weeks10.They
19、are those bags.Please put them on the bus.A.visitor B.visitors C.visitors D.visitors*11.How many workers are there in your factory?一 There are two.A.hundreds B.hundred C.hundred of D.hundreds of12.一What do you think of the the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven?-It sounds really wonderful.A.subject B.mus
20、ic C.book D.animal13.There is not enough in the corner for the fridge.A.place B.room C.field Des from sheep and some people like eating itA.Wool B.Pork C.Mutton D.Milk15.If you don*t take mor e,youll get fat.A.medicine B.lessons C.photos D.exercise16.My school is about twenty walk from here.A.minute
21、 B.minutes1 C.minutess D.minutes17.Mum,I have to tell you!A.a good news B.some good news C.some good newes D.much good news18.Which is the to the post office?A.street B.way C.road D.address19.1 stayed at last Sunday.A.my uncles B.my uncles C.my uncles D.my uncles family20.Maths not easy to learn.A.a
22、re B.is C.am D.were1 -5 CBCBB 6-10 CACCD 11-15 ABBCD 16-20 BBBCB第 二 讲 代 词 的 用 法难点重点:掌握人称代词和物主代词的用法一人称代词:人称代词是指人的代词,有性、数、格的区别。表 示“我”“你”“他 “我们”你们”“他们”。请看下表:单数主格宾格形 容 词 性 物 主代词名词性物主代词I 我m e我m y我的mine我 的(东西)you你you你your你的yours你 的(东西)he他him他his他的his他 的(东西)she她her她her她的hers她 的(东西)it它it它its它的its它 的(东西)复数w
23、e我们US我们our我们的ours我 们 的(东西)you你们you你们your你们的yours你 们 的(东西)they他们them 他们their他们的theirs他 们 的(东西)人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如:She is my English teacher.宾格在句中作宾语。例如:They dont want me to go there alone.Dont worry.I can look after her.宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。W in:Who,s that?Its me.注意:人称代词we,you,they可以用来表示一般人。例如:You cannot go
24、into the hall with slippers.不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。人称代的主格作表语,一般都在正中的谈话中,表示强调。例如:It was he who took away the necklace.是他拿走 了那条项链。人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。例如:The ship is leaving.She,s on her first trip to Boston,轮船要起航了。这时她第一次去波士顿。We love our country,we hope shell be stronger and stronger.我们热爱我们的祖国,我们希望她越来越强大。It作为人
25、称代词时,可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。例如:It is about 10 kilometres from here,离这儿大约有 10 公里。I t 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语,来代替由不定式,动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语,以避免句子头重脚轻。例如:It is not easy to learn English well.It is good for you taking a walk after supper.I found it difficult to sleep.英语里当主语是并列的儿个人时,人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同,I 在最后,you在最前;但是,当
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