高考英语阅读理解解题技巧-2022年高考英语复习解题技巧汇总.pdf
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1、2022年高考英语阅读理解解题技巧第一部分细节理解题.2P a r t i考试说明与命题趋势.2P a rt2设问方式和考题类型.2Part 3细节题选项特征.3Part 4细节题解题秘籍.3Part 5定位词的寻找技巧.9第二部分 主旨大意题.11Parti:主旨大意题分类和选项特点.11Part2:三大类分项突破.12类 型 一 标 题 归 纳 题.12类 型 二 文 章 大 意 题.14类 型 三 段 落 大 意 题.17第三部分推理判断题.19Parti:推理判断题命题方向.19Par 推断题题型特点.20Part4:推断题解题技巧(思维导图+真题演练).21第四部分词义猜测题.26P
2、arti;词义猜测题特点.26Part2:词义猜测题七大猜词技巧.271.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测.272.根据同位关系进行猜测.283.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测.284.根据因果关系进行猜测.295.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测.296.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测.307.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测.31第一部分细节理解题Part 1考试说明与命题趋势文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持,这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要,同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人员往往会要求考生根据不同的要求,阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。这类试题有
3、时比较直接,理解字面意思即可;有时则较为间接,需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。直接信息题:直接信息题比较简单,只需要题干关键阅读理解细节一理一解题词定位,带着问题找答案。间接信息题:间接信息题的隐蔽性比较强,正确选项需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行相应的语义转换或进一步的归纳概括。数字计算题:数字计算题需要根据题干要求在原文中找-到有关的数字信息进行分析理解和简单计算,确定答案。Part2设问方式和考题类型-、设问方式常针对文中细节提问,可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。1.是非题形式:true/false 或 except?All of the following are true E X C E
4、 P T.2.特殊疑问句形式:According to the passage,who/what/when/where/why/how.3.填空题形式,如:To avoid attracting mountain lions,people are advised二、题目类型l.Wh-细节型2.是非型3.计算型4.排序型5.图标型Part 3细节题选项特征(一)细节理解题正确选项特征同义替换指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose onek job换成了 be out of worko有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性,如把important变换成ofimportance;改变原
5、文中句子的语态,如主动语态与被动语态的转换。信息归纳用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息,设置为正确答案。正话反说把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。原文原词利用原文原词作为正确选项。(二)细节理解题干扰选项特征张冠李戴是原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容。无中生有符合常识,但不是文章的内容。曲解文意与原文的内容极其相似,只是在某个细节处有些变动。颠倒是非在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。正误参半部分正确,部分错误。Part 4细节题解题秘籍细节理解题有时比较直接,理解字面意思即可答题;有时则较为间接,需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右,是最重要的得
6、分点。细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问,考生都要记住一个解题原则“本本主义”,一切从原文出发,无须读很多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理,正确答案就对应原文的某一处具体信息。可以用两步法解题。一.直接信息题考生可以采取“关键词定位法”,即带着问题找答案 的方法,通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼),然后以此为线索,运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句,快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关,然后仔细推敲,仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别,在准确理解细节的前提下,最后确定答案。简言之,可采用“一找二定三比对”的方法。解题流程如下:Step 3:比对 比对原文和选
7、项 确定答案做题小技巧:1.若针对特殊标点符号,举例子,名人名言出题,只需要阅读符号,例子,名言前后的内容,然后与选项核对。2.在出现一些关键词,如 however、but、moreover、therefore、thus时,要特别注意句子前后意义的转折,递进,因果等关系。3.细节题的答案一般是同义替换项或者同义转换项4.选项中有绝对语气词的一般不是答案。如:must,never,the most,all,merely,only,have to,any,no,completely,none,等。但不是绝对,也有例外。5.注意选项中的副词,形容词和介词短语等与原文是否一致。如:must,may,o
8、ften,should,usually,might,most,more or less,likely,all,never,few 等存在程度不同,经常被偷换,往往被忽视。6.细节题干扰项特点:与原文内容相反;与原文内容一半相符,一半不同;叙述过于绝对化;原文没有提及.例 子 1I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things,and it worked.Because of our efforts,our daughter Georgia did decide
9、to donate a large bag oftoys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.She chose to sella few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her schoolfund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).33.What
10、made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?A.Saving up for her holiday.B Raising money for a poor girl.C.Adding the money to her fund.D.Giving the money to a sick mother.解题示范第一步:定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词:Georgia,sell,objects锁信息定 位:用 Georgia,sell,objects 寻读,在文中找到信息源-She chose to sell a fewlarger objects th
11、at were less often used when we promised to put the money into herschool fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).第二步:比对定答案选项选项意思定位A为她的假期储蓄。曲解文意B为一个贫困女孩募捐。曲解文意C把钱放入她的基金。同义替换D把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。无中生有 分析J选 c比对选项和信息句可知,女儿愿意卖几件玩具,是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金;选项和原文中均出现fund一词,故为直接细节理解题。故选C。二.间接
12、信息题相比直接信息题,命题的隐蔽性更强,正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换,有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。例 子2.Of the common berries,strawberries are highest in vitamin C,although,because of theirseeds,raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白质),iron and zinc(not that fruits have muchprotein).Blueberries are particular
13、ly high in antioxidants(抗氧化物质).The yellow and orangestone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we tum into vitamin A and which areantioxidants.As for cherries(樱桃),they are so delicious who cares?However,they are rich invitamin C.24.What does the author seem to like about cherries?A.The
14、y contain protein.B They are high in vitamin A.C They have a pleasant taste.D.They are rich in antioxidants.解题示范第一步:定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词:cherries锁信息定位:用cherries寻读,在文中找到信息源-As for cherries(樱桃),they are sodelicious who cares?However,they are rich in vitamin C.第二步:匕 匕对定答案选项选项意思定位A它们含有蛋白质。张冠李戴B它们富含维生素Ao张冠李戴C
15、它们口感好。同义替换D它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。张冠李戴 分析 选 C 根据该段最后一句As for cherries(樱桃),they are so delicious who cares?However,theyare rich in vitamin C.“可知,原文中的 they are so delicious 被替换成选项中的 They have a pleasant taste,为间接细节理解题。故选C。三.概括、归纳信息题是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息,这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向,找到文中相应的信息区间,
16、然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实,然后再看选项,挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。例子3.At present,the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages ishugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages,often spoken bymany people,while hot,wet zones have lots,often spoken by
17、small numbers.Europe has onlyaround 200 languages;the Americas about 1,000;Africa 2,400;and Asia and the Pacific perhaps3,200,of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number(中位数)of speakers is a mere 6,000,which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewerpeo
18、ple than that.30.How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?A.About 6,800.B.About 3,400.C.About 2,400.D.About 1,200.解题示范第一步:定信息区间第二步:比对定答案抓关键题干中的关键词:6,000锁信息定位:用 6,000寻读,在文中找到信息源-The median number(中位数)ofspeakers is a mere 6,000,which means that half the worlds languages are s
19、pokenby fewer people than that.选项选项意思原文意思定位A大约6 800种。6 800为现在世界现存语言数量。张冠李戴B大约3 400种。世界语言总量的一半即为3 400o信息归纳C大约2 400种。2 400为非洲语言数量。张冠李戴D大 约 1 200种。数 字 1 200在原文中没有出现,也无法做出有效归纳。无中生有 分析 选 B根据)大约6 800种语言;Imeans that half the wc言的使用人数少于6纳概括可知B 项为正;段第一句At present,the world has about 6,800 languages.“可知,E耳根据最
20、后一句The median number(中位数)of speakers is a mererld,s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知,目前世捶0 0 0,也就是说有大约3 400种语言的使用人数少于6 000o根据以确选项。前世界上有6,000,whichL t一半的语 上数据的归四.正误判断题是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目,说其繁琐,因为其信息不像其他类题目那样集中在文章的某一句或某一段,而是分散在文章的各个角落。对于这类题目,考生要静下心来,看清范围,确定方向,找到每一个选项的对应信息后,谨慎排除,综合选优。例子4F
21、ood festivals around the worldStilton Cheese RollingMay Day is a traditional day for celebrations,but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton mustbe the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans.Teams of four,dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes,roll a com
22、plete cheese along a 50-metre course.On the way,they must not kick or throw their cheese,or go into their competitors lane(赛道).Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about fourkilos(disappointingly,but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden on
23、es).All thecompetitors are served with beer or port wine,the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.Fiery Foods Festival-The Hottest Festival on EarthEvery year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque,New Mexico.Theycome from as far away as Australia,the Caribbean and China,bu
24、t they all share a commonaddiction-food that is not just spicy(辛辣),but hot enough to make your mouth burn,yourhead spin and your eyes water.Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is heldover a period of three days every March.You might like to try a chocolate-covered habaneropepp
25、er-officially the hottest pepper in the world-or any one of the thousands of products thatare on show.But one things fbr sure if you don*t like the feeling of a burning tongue,thisfestival isnt fbr you!La Tomatina The Worlds Biggest Food FightOn the last Wednesday of every August,the Spanish town of
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