高考英语语法必考点与常考点归纳.pdf

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1、2016高考英语语法必考点与常考点归纳一、冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an）,定冠词（the）,和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。3表 示 每 一 相 当 于every,oneWe study eight hours a day.4表 示 相 同 相 当 于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事一 Hello,could

2、I speak to Mr.Smith?一Sorry,wrong number.There isnt_ Mr.Smith here.A.不填 B.a C.the D.oneThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋）6用于固定词组中a couple of,a bit,once upon a time,in ahurry,have a walk,many a time7用于 quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so（as,too,how）+形容词之后She is as cl

3、ever a girl as you can wish tomeet.9用于抽象名词具体化的名词前success（抽象名词）a success（具体化）成功的人或事a failure失败的人或事a sham e带来耻辱的人或事a p ity可惜或遗憾的事a must必需必备的事a good knowledge o f精通掌握某一方面的知识II.定冠词的用法1表示某一类人或物In many places in China,_ bicycle is still popular means of transportation.A.a;the B./;a C.the;a D.the;the2用于世上独

4、一无二的事物名词前the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于演奏乐器play the violin,play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach,the living,the wounded6表 示 一 家 人 或 夫 妇（对比上文的不定冠词用法5）一Could you tell me the way to _Johnsons,please?一Sorry,we don t have_Johnson herein t

5、he village.A.the;the B.the;aC./;the D.the;/7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States,the Communist Party ofChina,the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990 s（二十世纪九十年代）11用于表示度量单位的名词前I hired the car

6、by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词He patted me on the shoulder.III.不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air2名词前有 this,my,whose,some,no,each,every 等限制I want this book,not that one./Whosepurse is this?二、名词和主谓一致3季 节，月 份，星 期，节假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,National Day,spring4表示职位，身 份

7、，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通方式的名词前We went right round to the west coast by_ sea instead of driving across _continent.A.the;the B.不 填；the C.the;不填 D.不 填；不填7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife,knife and fork,day andnight8表示泛指的复数名词

8、前Horses are useful animals.I.名词的种类专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体可数名词不可数名词机构名称个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词特别注意:名词类别的相互转换个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换例 句意 义名词性质 She held some flowers in herhand.The trees are now in flower花儿个体名词开花抽象名词 Youth is beautiful.He is a youth of twenty青春抽象名词年轻人个体名词They have achieved remarkablesuccess in their work.一H

9、ow about the Christmasevening party?I should say it was a success.抽象名词成功的事个体名词物质名词与个体名词的相互转换例 句意 义名词性质Iroo is a kind of metal.Please lend me your iron.铁物质名词熨斗个体名词He broke a piece of glass.He broke a glass.玻璃物质名词玻璃杯个体名词I bought a chicken this morning Please help yourself to somechicken小鸡个体名词鸡肉物质名词抽象名

10、词与个体名词的转换具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作一F d like_ information about the management of yourhotel,please.一Well,you could have_word with the manager.Hemight be helpfulA.some,a B.anzsome C.some,some D.an,aThey sent us _word of the latest happenings.消息（抽象名词）A.a B.an CJ D.theCould we have _ word

11、 before you go to themeeting?适（个体名词）A.a B.an C./D.the类 例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/adiscussion/a looktake a walk/a bath make an advance（进步）/make an earlystart（早点出发）/make a decision/make a change/give a cry ofpain（发出痛苦的叫声）/give a try表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分 Many people

12、agree that_knowledge of English is a mustin_ international trade today.A.a,/B.the,an C.the,the D.1,thea knowledge of truth（知道实际情况）give a fuller knowledge of China（提供关于中国更为翔实的知识）have a knowledge of shorthand（有速记的知识）（2）If there were no examination,we should have_atschool.A.the happiest time B.a more h

13、appier timeC.much happiest time D.a much happier timeII.名词的数_is money.A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示 一次、一阵、一种 具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰Oh,John._you gave me!A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surpriseC.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surpriseShe looked up _ when

14、I shouted.A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.insome surprise其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me.Wehave had some unpleasant surprise(5)It is_work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.A.so unusual B.such unusual C.such anunusual D.so an unusual规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式，一般

15、在单数形式后面加-S或-es（参看有关语法书1英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表III.主谓一致规 贝!1例 词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer;series,means,works,fish,species3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle；staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整

16、 体）也可以作复数（成 员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海 关）,forces（军 队），times（时 代），spirits（情 绪），drinks（饮 料），sands（沙 滩），p叩ers（文件报纸），manners（礼貌），looks（外表），brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜），ruins（废墟）7表 示 某国人加-sAmericans,Australians,Ge

17、rmans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers；boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers,men servants规则情 况举 例语法致原以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，

18、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm.To study English well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.What he said is very important for us all.由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。what I bought were three English bo

19、oks.What I say and do is(are)helpful foryou.由连接词and或both.and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,every 或 more than a(an)/one,many a(an)修饰时，其谓语Lucy and Lily are twinsThe writer and artist has come.Every student and every teach is in theclassroom.Many a boy

20、and many a girl likes itNo boy and no girl 1 汰es itEach of us has a new book.动 词 要 用 单 数 形 式。either,neither,each,every或no+单 数 名 词 和 由some,any no,every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.Is everyone here today?Somebody is speaking in class.Everything around us is matter若none o f后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动

21、词用单数或复数都可以。None of the sugar was left.None of us has(have)been to America.在 定 语 从 句 里，关 系 代 词that,who,which等作主语时其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Those who want to go please write theirnames on the blackboard.He is one of my friends who are workinghard.He is the(only)one of my friends who isworking hard.在强调句型中应与被强

22、调部分一致It is I who am going to the cinematonight.It is we who are going to the cinematonight如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式；如果它指的集体的成The police are looking for the lost child.The cattle are eating grass in the field.员，其谓语动词用复数形式His family has moved to the south.（他的一家）His family are watching TV.（他的家人）Class f

23、our is on the third floor.（四 到 王）Class Four are unable to agree upon amonitor.（四班的学生）由 a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a heapof/heaps of/the rest of/the majorityof+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in theclassroom.Three-fourths of the surface of theearth is sea.

24、50 percent of the students in our classare girls.此 外,还 有a number of+复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of+复数名词的数就得依number而 定 用 单 数 A number of students have gone to thefarm to help the farmer pick apples.The number of pages in this book isthree hundred.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致There comes the bus.On the wall a

25、re many pictures.Such is the result.Such are the facts.Between the two hills stands amonument.逻辑意义致原则What,who,which,any,more,all 赛弋词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。Which is your bag?Which are your bags?Are any of you good at English?Has any of you got a pen?All can be done has been done.All is going well.All h

26、ave been taken out.All have gone to Beijing.表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirty minutes is enough for the work.Twenty pounds is too dear.如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式Forty kilos of water are used every day.若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。The United States is smaller than China.

27、“The Arabian Nights“is an interestingstory-book.表数量的短语one and a half后面接One and a half apples is left on the复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。table.一 些 学 科 名 词 是 以-ic s结 尾，如：mathematics,politics,physics 以及news,works等。都属于形式上是复数的名 词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。I don1

28、t think physics is easy to study.trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors（剪刀）等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a（the）pair of等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit o f修饰）谓语动词用单数。My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes under the bed is his.定冠词the+形容词或分词，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。The old are taken good care of there.The beautiful

29、 gives pleasure to all.就近/远当两个主语由 either or;neither nor,not only but also,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。Either the teacher or the students areour friends.Neither he nor they are wholly right.Neither they nor he is wholly rightIs neither he nor they wholly right?致原则there b e句 型 中b e动词的单复数取决于其后的

30、主语。如果其后是由a n d连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一 致，即就近一致。There are two chairs and a desk in theroom.There is a desk and two chairs in theroom.主 语 后 面 跟 有 with,together with,except,but,like,as well as,no lessthan,rather than,more than,besides,along with,including,in addition to等引起的短语，谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。Mr.Green,tog

31、ether with his wife andchildren,has come to China.A woman with a baby was on the bus.Nobody but Jim and M汰e was on theplayground.She,like you and Tom,is very tall.The girls as well as the boy have learnedto speak Japanese.No one except my teachers knowsanything about it.I.代词可以分为以下八大类三、代词1人称代词主格I,you

32、,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her;it,us,you,them形容词性物主代词myz your;his,her,its,our;their名词性物主代词mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs2反身代词myself,yourself himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves3指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some4疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whateve

33、r5关系代词/连接代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as6不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/a littleother/another;all/both,neither/either7相互代词each othenone anothern.不定代词用法注意点类 别区 别例 句one,some,any 和 itone可以泛指人或者事（东 西），其复数为ones We ve been looking at the houses buthaven*t found _ we like yet

34、.A.one B.ones C.it D.them C ars do cause us some health problems 一in fact far more serious_ than mobilephones do.A.one B.ones C.itD.thosesome可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等Your coffee smells great!It s fromMexico.Would you like_?A.it B.some C.thisD.littlesome和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个 I have re

35、ad this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes,if any.(2)Which of the three ways shall I take to thevillage?-way as you please.A.Each B.Every C.AnyD.Eitherone指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型史。一There is still a copy of the book in thelibrary.Will you go and borrow_?一No,I d r

36、ather buy_ in the bookstore.A.it;one B.one;one C.one;itD.it;itsome多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句 There s _cooking oil in the house.Would you go to the corner store and getA.little,some B.littlezany C.alittle,some D.a little,any We had three sets of garden tools and weseemed to have no use for_.A.none B.either

37、 C.anyD.each He doesn*t have_furniture in hisroom-just an old desk.A.any B.many C.someD.mucheach 和everyeach强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指Each student has a pocket dictionary.Each(of us)has a dictionary.=We eachhave a dictionary.的数必须是三个或三个以上 Every student has strong and weak points./Every one of u

38、s has strong and weak points.none 和nono等于not any作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以 There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle?None.(3)None of the students are(is)afraid ofdifficulties.other和anotherother泛指另外的，别的常与其他词 连 用，如：the otherday,every otherweek,someotherrea

39、son,no otherway,the other特指两者中的另 外 一 个，复 数 为theothersBoth sides have accused _ ofbreaking the contractA.another B.the other C.neither D.each Two students in our class failed,but all theothers passed the exam.another指 又 一 个，另一 个 无 所 指，复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或 We had a picnic last term and it was a lot off

40、un,so let s have_one this month.A.the other B.some C .anotherD.other四.形容词和副词事”The trousers are too long,please give meanother pair/some others.Some like football,while others 1 汰ebasketball.either 和neither前者意思为：两 者 都（两者中任何一方都）;后者意思为：两者都一Do you want tea or coffee?_,Ireally dont mind.A.none B.neither

41、C.either D.allIt was hard for him to learn English in afamily,in which_ of the parents spokethe language.A.none B.neither C.both D.eachI.形容词1.形容词的位置:形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况下后置1修饰 some,any,every,no 和 body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent；everything possible2以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或0 nly修饰的名词之后the best b

42、ook available,the only solutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep 等作定语时后置the only person awake注 意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with7enough修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修饰形容词或副词时要后置_to take his adventure cours

43、e willcertainly learn a lot of usefulskills.(NMET2000)A.Brave enough studentsB.Enough breave studentsC.Students brave enough0.Students enough brave熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。规贝II：限定语（The、A）+描绘性形容词+size（小）+shape（形 状）+age（年龄、时 间）+color（颜 色）+origin（国籍、来 源）+material（材 料）+purpose（目的）+名词。

44、A This girl is Linda s cousin.（05 北京卷）A.pretty little Spanish B.Spanish little pretty C.Spanish pretty little D.littlepretty Spanish2.复合形容词的构成1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous3.形容词（短 语）作伴随状语2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working

45、9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearAs he looked at the goat,it rolled over,dead.当他看着山羊的时候，山羊翻了个身，死了。Afraid of difficulties,they prefer to take the easy road.由于害怕困难，他们宁愿走好走的路。II.副词的分类：1时 间副词soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5频度副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地 点副词here,n

46、earby,outside,upwards,above6疑问副词how,where,when,why3方 式副词hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether however,meanwhile4程 度副词almost nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8关系副词when,where,whyIII.形容词和副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。项

47、目例 句同级比较时常常用as.as以及notso（as）.as.She is as tall as her mother.I am not as/so good a player as you are.双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用 比 较 级（+than）”的结构表示。要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏起来的情况。This picture is more beautiful than that one.I have never seen such a more interesting film(than this one).表示一方不及另一方时，用less+原级+than的结构表示This

48、room is less beautiful than that one.表 示 一 方 随 另 一 方 变 化 时 用themore.the more.”句型The harder you work,the more progress youwill make用比较级来表达最高级的意思I have never spent a more worrying day.我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天。（意 为：我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天。）倍数的表达表 达 法 一：A is three(fourz etc.)times thesize(heightz length etc.)of B.The new

49、 building is four times the size(theheight)of the old one.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(高)/这座新楼比那座旧楼卞(高)三倍。表 达 法 二：A is three(fourz etc.)times asbig(highz long,etc.)as B.Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧明的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。表 达 法 三：A is three(four,etc.)timesbigger(higher;longer;etc.)than B.Your school is three t

50、imes bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice 或 double.注 意:1.可以修饰比较级的词有:much,many,a lot,even,far,a bit,a little,still,yet,by far,any,a great deal;2.表 示“最 高 程 度”的形容词没有最高级和比较级.如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect,superiorjunior 等。五、动词和短语动词知识网络动词的分类行为动词（实义动词）及物动词（带宾语）：study,develop