大学语法总论.pdf

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1、The first generation of museums in the world is the museum of natural history,which introduces the evolution historyof the earth and various kinds of living creatures through fossi 1 s and specimens.The second belongs to that of industrioustechnology,showing the phasic achievements as a result of in

2、dustrial civilization.Although the two generations of museumsplay roles in spreading scientific knowledge,they regard viewers as only passive by-standers.The third generation of museums in the world is full of new concepts.Here,viewers can carry with their own hands andobserve with their own minds.T

3、herefore,they can be closer to advanced scientific technology to probe its mystery.Chapter One Word nature and TenseIV Teaching-learning procedures1.word nature and sentence element（词性和句子成分）a）Sentence elements and their conceptsSubject（i）object（宾）predicate（谓）attribute（定）adverbial（状）complement（补语）pre

4、dicative（表）appositive（同位语）b）names of the word nature and their grammatical functionsNoun:subject object predicative appositive attribute complement adverbial注：1、名词作定语时，一般多用单数，表示所修饰词的性质或用途。但有时，出于词本身用法的需耍或该词本来就只有复数形式，作定语的名词就只用复数。M an woman这两个词作定语时根据所修饰名词的数变a woman worker three women workerssporl作定语时多用

5、复数 sports shoes运动鞋 sports ground操场 但是sport（s）car赛车 这个短语中sport单复数都可以。很多次本身就是复数形式，clothes shop服装店 sales assistant售货员 sales manager销售经理 arms production武器的生产 goods train货车2、名词构成的合成词作定语，名词只能用单数A five-year-old girl 一个五岁的女孩20-foot-long ships 50英尺上的轮船A six-metre-wide room 一个六米宽的房间3.合成名词变复数时，如果合成词中有名词，复数加在名词

6、上，没有名词，直接加在词尾Brothers-in-law grown-ups3.名词作状语时，仅限于表时间、距离、重量、程度等的词It weighs five tons.它重5吨。Wait a minute 等一分钟。Adjective:attribute predicative complement adverbial注：1、形容词作状语，其意义相当于个从句或省掉being的现在分词短语作状语表示伴随。The old woman,hungry and thirsty,is sitting by the roadside 那位老妇人坐在路边，乂饿乂渴。The children arrived

7、home safe 孩子们平安到家。He stared at the footprint,full of fear 他盯着脚印,充满了恐惧。One woman was lying in bed,awake,listening to the rushing winds 一位妇女躺在床上，醒着，静听着那阵阵疾风。You must eat it when fresh 你必须趁新鲜吃For a moment she just stood there,unable to believe what had just happened 时间，她只是站在那儿，不能相信刚刚发生的事。3 少数形容词可用于修饰另个

8、形容词，作程度状语Dark blue shoes深蓝色的鞋 bright red cloth鲜红的布Light green dresses浅绿色的衣服1 0某些形容词前面加the。变成名词，表示一类人或物，作主语或宾语，做主语时，按复数对待。He has a keen sense of the new 他对新鲜事物有敏锐的感觉。The old are well taken good care of in our country 老人在我国得到很好的照顾。4.常见的含有形容词的习语：for good永久地 go from bad to worse每况愈下 in sh o rt总之 简言之 al

9、1 of a sudden突然 In particular特别地、特别是 in general 一般来说 as usual象平常一样 for fre e免费Adverb:adverbial attribute complement时间副词：末 位（首、中）地点副词：末位频度副词：中位（首、末）always often frequently never hardly rarely seldom sometimes usually continuallyRepeatedly（反复）generally（通常）Occasionally（偶然）Once a month twi ce a week方式副词

10、：末位、中 angrily anxiously slowly rudely willingly widelyShe speaks English well.She carefully picked up the bits of broken glasso程度副词：中位、末 almost altogether完全总共 deeply entirely完 全 地 彻 底 地 even pretty fairlyreally scarcely仅仅刚刚几乎不 te门*ibly可怕地极度地 wholly完全地 slightly稍微I quite agree with you I like it very

11、much观点副词：首位（中、末）actual ly certainly clearly显然 definitely fortunately frankly honestly luckilyundoubtedly maybeNaturally,he didn*t like it表地点和时间的些副词经常可以做表、补和定。Away off out outside inside somewhere up down upstairsbehind yesterday here there around above below home abroad aboard on over等I am away from

12、 home during the weekendI must be offHe is out/in.It must be somewhere.The opera will be tonight.The meeting was yesterday.On the way home,he was caught in a shower.See the notes be1ow.Leave rooms downstairs.副词定语一般后置above then upstairs可以前置Then president当时的总统 above sentences上面的句子Verb:分为及物vt和不及物vi两种及物

13、动词后面必须跟宾语。有些动词后面常跟双宾语或复合宾语，复合宾语也就是宾补结构1.后面常跟双宾语结构的及物动词accord给予 bring带来 buy买 deny不给予 grant同意给予、准许promise答应、允诺 pass传递 pay支付 hand递 leave留、交付 teach tell throw wish希望 write owe欠 send送 show展示return归还 offer提供 lend借给 refuse拒绝 take带去、带走He wrote his mother a check 他给母亲开了一张支票。The general granted us permission

14、to visit the mi 1 itary base 将军准许我们参观那个军事基地I have promised Susan the book by Monday我己经答应周一前给苏珊那本书。His friends accorded Tom their sincere thanks他的朋友们对汤姆表示了诚挚的谢意。注：1、双宾语结构经常可以引入介词to或for把间宾引出保留直宾而变成单宾语结构。用to表示动作对谁而做，间宾是实际承受者；用for表示动作为谁而做，间宾是预定承受者。用to的动词:allowbringcausegivesell handlend showoffer owepas

15、spromise payreadrefuse returnteachthrowtellthrow sendtake 等用for的动词：bookbuildbuycallchoose cook(bake boilfry)fetchfindkeep makefind找到ordersavespare等4.后面带复合宾语，也就是宾补结构的及物动词2 宾语+名词构成的宾补结构appoint任命 call称作 choose选择 designate选派、授予 elect选举count认为 name称作、取名 crown加冕 find发现 leave使 keep保持 consider认为 nominate提 名

16、 等 等They crowned him king 他们立他为国王。We appointed him president of the club 我们任命他为俱乐部主席。I considered him a genius我认为他是个天才。We elected John chairman我们选约翰做主席。We found her a very suitable person for the job 我们发现她很适合做这项工作。You must keep it a secret.你必须对这点保密。We nominated him a member of the council 我们提名他为委员会的

17、委员。3 宾语+形容词构成的宾补结构believe consider drive 逼迫 dye fancy 认为 find get imagine leave 使 get 使 paint colour thinklike prove turn suppose wish pronounce see want等I believe him ho n e s t我相信他是诚实的。Why don t you dye it deep blue?为什么不把它染成深蓝色？They fancy themselves clever 他们自以为很聪明。He pronounced the result excelle

18、nt 他宣布结果极好Fear turned her pale 恐惧使她脸色苍白。Do you 1 ike your tea weak or strong?你喜欢你的茶淡点还是浓,点？You have left the door open你一直让门开着。His job drove him so tired 他的工作让他很累。I wish you successful 我希望你成功。3）宾语+不带I。的不定式构成的宾补结构这类动词是感官性动词和使役性动词：feel see look at watch notice glance瞥见 glimpse hear listen toobserve wat

19、ch perceive 使役性动词指have make 和letShe looked at the dog jump她看着这条狗跳来跳去。Did you see anyone come in?你看到有人进来了吗？I n o t ic e d him p r o wl ar o u n d 我注意到他在周围徘徊。W e he ar d he r c o m e d o wn s t air s 我们听见她下楼了。I f e lt s o m e t hin g c r awl u p m y ar m 我感到有东西爬到我的胳膊上了。I t was e n o u g h t o m ak e o

20、 n e we e p 这足以使人落泪。I d ic in t p lay；I o n ly wat c he d t he o t he r s p lay 我没有玩，只是看着别人玩。注：以上动词用于被动语态时，不定式必须带t oS he was he ar d t o s in g in t he n e x t r o o m 有人听到她在隔壁房间唱歌了4）宾语+带I。的不定式构成的宾补结构an n o u n c eas k 要求as s e r t 宣称 as s u m e 设想 b e g e x p e c t 期望、料想c o n s id e rc o m m an dc

21、o u n t 认为c ho o s ed e c lar ein t e n dj u d g ed e e m 认为d e s ir e 希 望（正式）d is lik elik elo v e p r e f e r wan ts u f f e rt hin kwis hho ld 认为p r ay 请求im p lo r e 乞求s u f f e rr e p o r t 报告p r o n o u n c ep e r m ito r d e rp e r s u ad e g e t 使I im p lo r e d t he k in g t o hav e m e r c

22、y 我乞求国王开恩。I hat e y o u t o s ay v u lg ar wo r d s 我讨厌你说这些粗话。I g o t t he m he lp me我让他们帮助我。I p r ay y o u t o b e c ar e f u l 我求你小心点。T he y r e p o r t e d a s t ar t o hav e ap p e ar e d in t he e as t 他们报告一颗星已在东方出现。H is wif e d is lik e d him t o b e a s m o k e r 他的妻子不喜欢他抽烟。T he p r in c e d

23、e s ir e d he r t o b e his q u e e n 王子希望她能成为自己的王后。5）宾语+现在分词构成的宾补结构c at c h捉 f in d k e e p 使保持 g e t le av e 使 s e n d 使 s e t 还有感官性动词和使役性动词T he r e p o r t o f t he r if le s s e n t t he b ir d s f ly in g r o u n d t he p lac e 枪声使鸟儿绕着那个地方乱飞。Y o u r wo r d s s e t m e t hin k in g 他的话引起了我的思考。D

24、o n,t k e e p t he lin e wait in g lo n g 不要让排队的人就等了。I f o u n d m y he ad ac he c o m in g on我感到我的头痛又要发作了。I c au g ht a b o y c lim b in g o v e r t he wall 我捉到了一个孩子在翻墙。W ho has le f t t he wat e r r u n n in g 谁让水一直流着呢？6）宾语+过去分词构成的宾补结构allo w b e ho ld 注视 e x p e c t wis h f an c y f e e l g e t im

25、 ag in e r e m e m b e r r e q u e s t p e r m it d e p ic t 描绘fancy conceive consider prefer require需要 urge want picture想象 like 还有使役性动词和感官性动词等Everyone considered it greatly improved大家都认为这点有了很大的改善。We must get everything straightened out我们必须把一切弄清楚。Embarrassed,they kept their eyes studiously turned aw

26、ay他们感到困窘,故意把视线转向别处。I prefer the eggs boiled 我喜欢吃煮鸡蛋。You don,t want him caught,do you?你不想让他被捕,是吧?I felt a great weight taken off my mind 我感到心中的块垒消除了。7）宾语+介词短语构成的宾补结构put放 f i n d发现 leave落下 guess猜想 want permit感官性动词和使役性动词，大多数能跟补语的动词后面都能跟介词短语做补语。He put his coat in my r o o m他把他的上衣放在了我的房间里。I guessed him a

27、t school 我猜想他在学校。Finally his friend found Newton in his l a b最后，他朋友发现牛顿在他的实验室里注：特殊补语在动词accept choose consider（认为）describe（认为）hire imagine know recognize regard take（认为）treat use look on/upon（看待）think of refer t o等后面常跟介词as引出的名词、形容词、分词或介词短语做宾补。They chose him as their leader.Don,t accept everything you

28、 see on TV as true.He thought of his sister as being unhappy.Can we take it as agreed that we want to go climbing?We consider agricultureas of great importance.在动词mistake take（误认为、错认为）后面，通常用f o r引出宾补。I took him for his brother.She mistook me for her twin sister.People often mistake us for each other

29、.2.The tensec）The present indefinite tenseEg:The sun rises in the east.The earth goes around the sun.Flowers bloom and fade.注：it can also be used to indicate the things to happen in the future.Thus it means the things must be done accordingto the plan,arrangement or stipulation and commonly they are

30、 not changeable.Eg:The train starts at 8:30.火车将在8点半开The p lan e 1 eav es fo r New Yo r k at eight t his ev en in g.We leav e Lo n do n at 1 0:00 n ex t Tu es day an d ar r iv e in Par is at 1 3:00.We s p en d t w o ho u r s in Par is an d leav e again at 1 5:00.We ar r iv e in Ro m e at 1 9:3 0,an d

31、 s p en d fo u r ho u r s in Ro m e.我们下周二1 0点离开伦敦1 3点到达巴黎。在巴黎待两个小时，1 5点离开。1 9点三十分到达罗马，在罗马待4个小时。When do es t he film begin?I m in m y o ffice fr o m eight t o t w elv e t o m o r r o w m o r n in g.To m o r r o w i s Wedn es day.D o y o u kn o w w hat t im e t he m eet in g is?注:这种用法主要用于表示位置转移的动词,com

32、e go leave start return ar ri ve sail以及begin end stop open close这样的少数动词。In adv er bial clau s es o f t im e an d co n dit io n an d in s o m e adv er bial clau s es o f co n ces s io n,t he p r es en t in defin it e t en s eis o ft en u s ed t o in dicat e t he fu t u r e t en s e.（在时间、条件状语从句和一些让步状语

33、从句中）H e w ill be s ad w hen he hear t he bad n ew s.I s hal1 s t ay her e n o m at t er w het her y o u do s o o r n o t.E v en if y o u as k him again,he w ill n o t t ell y o u.表示过去的时间A在口语U，表示传达信息的动词s ay t ell hear r ead fo r get w r it e lear n等，此时说话重点不在动作发生的时间，而在动作的影响持续到说话的时刻.I fo r get w hat ha

34、p p en ed.I lear n y o u ar e go in g t o leav e.I s ee y o u*v e go t a let t er fr o m A n n.What do es s he s ay?She s ay s s he is co m in g t o Lo n do n n ex t w eek.B Qu o t e t he w o r ds o f t he his t o r ical figu r es,w r it er s an d bo o ks o r n ew s p ap er sMar x s ay s,A fo r eign

35、 lan gu age is a w eap o n in t he s t r u ggle o f life.w 马克思说，外语是人生斗争的一种武器。A n o t ice at t he en d o f t he r o ad w ar n s p eo p le n o t t o go an y fu r t her.C用于生动地叙述往事，使往事历历在目（也称历史现在时）（v iv idly r elat e t he p as t an d m ake t he p as t clear ly v is ible.）E g：So s he go es u p t o t he p

36、 o l icem an.Ther e s a bu r glar in m y ho u s e!”s he s ay s.A r e y o u s u r e o f t hat?”as ks t he p o l icem an.Yes,s he s ay s.So t he p o licem an go es t o her ho u s e an d s t ar t s lo o kin g fo r t he bu r glar.于是她赶到警察那儿。我屋子里有贼！”她说。“你肯定吗？”警察问。“肯定。”她说。于是警察赶往她家，找起那个贼来。用于新闻标题或小说章节标题，电影、戏

37、剧等的情节介绍，图片说明，舞台说明，实况解说，操作示范等。(It is o ft en u s ed in n ew st it le o r chap t er t it le o f n o v el,p lo t in s t r u ct io n o f film an d dr am a,cap t io n,s t age in s t r u ct io n,liv e co m m en t ar y an ddem o n s t r at iv e o p er at io n)Peace Talks F ail(n ew s t it le)E ar t hq u ak

38、e r o cks Wen chu an.汶川发生地震(n e w s t i t l e)Ob s e r v e t h a t I a d d w a t e r t o t h e s o l u t i o n,w h i c h t h e n t u r n s r e d.注意观察，我把水加进溶液，溶液就会变成红色。(d e m o n s t r a t i v eo pe r a t i o n)2)Th e pa s t i n d e f i n i t e t e n s e注：W a n t h o pe w o n d e r t h i n k可用一般过去时表示

39、说话人现在的感觉、想法，语气委婉。在I 常会话中。E g:D i d yo u w a n t m e?-Y e s,I h o pe d yo u w o u l d g i v e m e a h a n d w i t h pa i n t i n g.你需要我吗？一 是的，我希望你帮我油漆。I w a n d e r e d w h e t h e r yo u w o u l d h e l p m e.我不知道你是否愿意帮助我。在时间、条件状语从句中表示过去将来时间I k n e w t h a t h e w o u l d b e s a d w h e n h e h e a

40、 r d t h e b a d n e w s.3)Th e f u t u r e i n d e f i n i t e t e n s e表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态.附:b e g o i n g t o d o s t h A语的打算、意向，即主语本身打算在最近或将做的事。主语一般是人。E g：I a m g o i n g t o m e e t To m a t t h e s t a t i o n a t s i x.H e i s g o i n g t o b e a d o c t o r w h e n h e g r o w s u p.W h a t a r

41、e yo u g o i n g t o d o w h e n yo u g e t yo u r d e g r e e?B.表示说话者认为即将发生或很可能发生的事，主语人和物都行。常跟在b e s u r e,b e a f r a i d,b e l i e v e,t h i n k等动词的后面。E g:H o w pa l e t h e g i r l i s!I a m s u r e/I b e l i e v e/I t h i n k s h e i s g o i n g t o f a i n t.L o o k a t t h o s e c l o u d s!I

42、 t s g o i n g t o r a i n.b e t o d o s t hA表示按计划、安排等将要发生的事。E g：W e a r e m e e t t w i c e a w e e k.Th e y a r e t o b e m a r r i e d s o o n.Th e Qu e e n i s t o v i s i t J a pa n n e x t ye a r。B.表示命令、职责、义务、愿望等。E g：Te l l h e r s h e s n o t t o b e b a c k l a t e.Y o u a r e t o f i n i s

43、h yo u r h o m e w o r k b e f o r e yo u w a t c h TV.Sh e i s t o w a s h t h e d i s h e s.（该她洗盘子）I f w e a r e t o b e a t t h e s t a t i o n i n t i m e,w e m u s t g o n o w.W h a t a m I t o d o t h e n?那我该怎么办啊?b e a b o u t t o d o s t h 表示正即将发生的动作。不跟表将来时间的时间状语。E g：Th e pl a n e i s a b o u

44、 t t a k e o f f.Th e f i l m i s a b o u t t o b e g i n.4）现在进行时 Th e pr e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s t e n s eE g：Th e po pu l a t i o n i s i n c r e a s i n g v e r y f a s t.J e n n y i s w o r k i n g v e r y h a r d t h i s t e r m.附：表去向或位移的动词如g o c o m e t a k e o f f 以及d o d i n e w o r k

45、s l e e p等的进行时，常带表将来时间状语W h a t s u b j e c t s a r e yo u d o i n g n e x t t e r m?下学期你们将学什么课程?时间条件状语从句中表将来进行E g：I f I a m s t i l l s l e e pi n g w h e n h e c o m e s,w a k e m e u p,pl e a s e.进行时带有感情色彩，大多用来表示厌烦、不满，也可用于赞扬。常与a l w a ys f r e q u e n t l y a l l t h e t i m e f o r e v e r 等连用E

46、g：I t i s a l w a ys r a i n i n g i n E n g l a n d.H e i s a l w a ys s a yi n g w r o n g t h i n g s.他总是说错话.Sh e i s f o r e v e r c o m pl a i n i n g a b o u t s o m e t h i n g.H e i s a l w a ys t h i n k i n g o f o t h e r s.有些短暂性动词的现在进行时表示动作的反复或渐进性。Th e b i g b o y i s h i t t i n g t h e

47、 l i t t l e o n e.这个大男孩不断地打那个小男孩。Th e b o y i s j u m pi n g w i t h j o y.表示思想状态的动词般不用于进行时，用于进行时时表示思维的过程。C o n s i d e r f o r g e t t h i n k b e l i e v e d o u b t r e g r e ti m a g i n e 等E g：I a m f o r g e t t i n g m y m a t h s.我的数学逐渐忘了。I a m f o r g e t t i n g m y r a i n c o a t.我差点忘了我

48、的雨伞。I a m t h i n k i n g w h e r e h e i s n o w.W e a r e c o n s i d e r i n g g o i n g t o C a n a d a 我们正在考虑去加拿大的事。衣示喜、恶等情感的词,般不用于进行时.L o v e 1 i k e d i s l i k e h a t e pr e f e r o b j e c t t o m i n d 介意，但是l o v e H k e h a t e 用来强调这种感情的暂时性时，可用于进行时。E g：I a m l o v i n g t he m u si c.我喜欢

49、音乐How are you liking your new job?你喜欢你的新工作吗？Mind意为照料是可用于进行时My husband is minding the baby,while I am out shopping.表示要求 愿望的动词一般不用于进行时，hope want expect（预料要求）intend wish wonder wish require suggest但是hope和 intend有时可以用于进行时表示语气委婉或强调持续一段时间。I am hoping you can give me some advice.我一直希望你能给我点建议.We are intendi

50、ng to visit Rome.我们一直打算去罗马参观.expect作为期待 盼望意思讲时课用于进行时.He is expecting a letter.表示所属 拥有 构成 容纳等抽象关系的动词不用于进行时。belong to have contain possess consist of interest ownhold（拥有）depend on exist weight cost be+介词短语也常表进行时态，at on in underHe is at work.二 He is working.The plane is in flight.The new machine is in