初高中英语衔接专题一：名词考点集汇讲解和训练.pdf

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1、初高中英语衔接专 题 一：名词考点集汇，讲解和训练一、名词的数1.单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-S”构成，其主要变法如下：(1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如：book-books,girlgirls,boy boys,pen一pens,doctor一doctors,boy一boys。(2)以 s,x,ch,s h,结尾的词加e s,例如：bus-buses,class-classesbox一boxes,watchwatches,brushbrushes。(3)以 ce,se,ze,(d)ge 结尾的名词加 s,例如：orangeorangeso(4)

2、以辅音母加 y 结尾的词变“y为“i”再加-es,例 如:city cities,factory factories,country-countries,family familieso 但要注意的是以元音字母加y 结尾的名词的复数形式只加 s,如：boy-boys,day-days。(5)以 o 结尾的词多数都加es。例如:heroheroes,potato potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加s。例如：zoozoos,rad io-rad io s,还有某些外来词也只加s,例如：photo-photos,piano-pianoso(6)以 f 或

3、fe结尾的词，多数变f 为 v 再加e s,例如：knife-knives,lealeaves,haU halves。复数词尾s(或 e s)的读音方法如下表所示。复数词尾s(或 e s)的读音方法(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：man men,woman women,tooth teeth,foot feet,child-children,mouse-mice。情 况读法例 词在旧 讥k田等清辅音后fscups,hats,cakes在S 皿 d3F等音后izglasses,pages,oranges,buses,watches,faces在bdgv等浊辅音后zlbeds,dogs,c

4、ities,knives【注意】与 man和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是.m en和women。例如：anEnglishman,two Englishmeno 但 German 不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans；man,woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men workers,womenteacherso有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但 当 fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people,police等。(9)数词+名词作定语时，这

5、个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例 如 an 8-year-oldgirl,a ten-mile walko(1 0)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如：trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,sci ssors,compasses。(1 1)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：-1 -科学名词：physics,mathematics/maths游戏名称：bowls专有名词：the United States,Niagara Falls其他名词：news,falls2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量的概念”，可以用以

6、下两种方法：（1）用 much,a little,a lot of/lots of,some,any 等表示多少，例如：The rich man has a lot of money.There is some milk in the bottle.Is there any water in the glass?I dont like winter because therers too much snow and ice.（2）用a piece o f这类定语，例如：a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of breada bottle of or

7、ange a glass of water（milk）a cup of teaa cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：two cups of teafour pieces of paperthree glasses of water不可数名词也可用a lot of,lots of,some,any,much等来修饰。二、名词的所有格名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。1.表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s,其复数形式是C例如：a students room,st

8、udents*rooms,fathers shoeso2.如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加，s,如：Childrens Dayo3.在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用1例如：a twentyminutes*walk,ten miles*journey,a boats length,two pounds1 weight,ten dollars1 wortho4.无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，例如：a map of China,the end of this term,the capitalof our country,the color of the flower

9、s o5.双重所有格,例如：a friend of my fathers。【注意】如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s,贝装示“分别有，例 如Johns and Mary*rooms（约翰和玛丽各有一 间,共两间）；Toms and Marys bikes（两人各自的自行车）。两个名词并列，只有一个s,则 表 示 共 有”,例 如:John and Marys room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）；Tom and Mary，s mother（即 Tom 与 Mary 是兄妹）。【演练】1.Where have you been,Tim?一 Ive been to.A.the Henry house B.t

10、he Henry familyC.The Henrys home D.Henrys2.In England,if is in the middle of the day,the evening meal is called supper.A.food B.lunch C.breakfast D.dinner3.Y ou looked for it twice,but you havent found it.Why not t r y.A.three times B.a third time C.the third time D.once4.-They are thirsty.Will you

11、please give t he m?-Certainly.-2-A.some bottles of waters B.some bottles of waterC.some bottle of water D.some bottle of waters5.Mike hurt one of his in the accident yesterday.A.tooth B.feet C.hand D.ear6.There is some on the plate.A.cakes B.meat C.potato D.pears7.In England,the last name is the.A.f

12、amily name B.middle C.given name D.full name8.They are going to fly to Beijing.A.Germen B.Germany C.Germanys D.Germans9.The has t wo.A.boys;watches B.boy;watch C.boy;watches D.boys;watch10.The little baby has two already.A.tooth B.tooths C.teeth D.teeths11.Whats your for being late again?A.idea B.ke

13、y C.excuse D.news12.-Its dangerous here.Wed better go out quickly.-But I think we should let go out first.A.woman and children B.women and childC.woman and child D.women and children13.一 Y ou can see Mr.Smith if there is a sign on the door of his shop.-Thanks.A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURSC.THIS SIDE U

14、P D.NO SMOKING14.Are they going to have a picnic on?A.Childrens Day B.Childrens9s DayC.Childrens Day D.Children Day15.Where are the students?Are they in?A.the Room 406 B.Room 406 C.the 406 Room D.406 Room【练习答案】l.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C ll.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B-3-专题二：形容词、副词考点集汇，讲解和训练1.

15、形容词的用法（1）形容词在句中作定语，表语，宾语补足语。例如：Our country is a beautiful country.（作定语）The fi sh went bad.（作表语）We keep our classroom clean and tidy.（作宾语补足语）（2）形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词时，形容词放在名词后面。I have something important to tell you.Is there anything interesting in the film.（3）用and或o r连接起来的两

16、个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。Everybody,man and woman,old and young,should attend the meeting.Y ou can take any box away,big or small.（4）the+形容词表示一类人或物The rich should help the poor.2.副词的用法（1）副词在句中可作状语，表语和定语。He studies very hard,（作状语）Life here is full of j o y.（作定语）When will you be back?（作表语）副词按其

17、用途和含如豆为下面五类：1）时间 副 词 时 间 副 词 通 常 用 来 表 示 动 作 的 时 间。常见的时间副词有：now today,tomorrow,yesterday,before,late,early,never,seldom,sometimes,often,usually,always 等。例如：He often comes to school late.What are we going to do tomorrow?He is never been to Beijing.2）地点副词 地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here,there,inside,o

18、utside,home,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere,down,up,off,on,in,out 等。例如：I met an old friend of mine on my way home.He went upstairs.Put down your name here.3）方式副词 方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的，有少数方式副词不带词尾ly,它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有：anxiously,badly,bravely,calmly,car

19、efully,proudly,rapidly,suddenly,successfully,angrily,happily,slowly,warmly,well,fast,slow,quick,hard,alone,high,straight,wide 等。仞!）如：The old man walked home slowly.Please listen to the teacher carefully.The birds are flying high.-4-He runs very fast.4)程度副词程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：muc

20、h,(a)little,a bit,very,so,too,enough,quite,rather,pretty,greatly,completely,nearly,almost,deeply,hardly,partly 等。例如：Her pronunciation is very good.She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how,when,where,why等。例如：How are you getting along with your studies?Where we

21、re you yesterday?Why did you do that?(2)副词在句中的位置1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。例如：Mr Smith works very hard.She speaks English well.2)频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。例如：He usually gets up early.Ive never heard him singing.She is seldom ill.3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面，但 enough作副词用时:通常放在被修饰词的后面。例如：I

22、t is a rather difficult job.He runs very fast.He didnt work hard enough.4)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：On my way home,I met my uncle.The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.(3)部分常用副词的用法1)very,much这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：She is a very nice girlIm

23、 feeling much better now.Much可以修饰动词，而 very则不能。例如：I dont like the idea much.They did not talk much.2)too,either这两个副词都表示“也 ，但 t。用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：She can dance,and I can dance,too.I havent read the book and my brother hasnt either.3)already,yetalready一般用于语肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如：He has already left.-5-Ha

24、ve you heard from him yet?He hasnt answered yet.4)so,neitherso和neither都可用于倒装句，但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。例如：My brother likes football and so do I.My brother doesnt like dancing and neither do I.3.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级(1)两个人或事物的比较时(不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物)，用比较级。Our teacher is taller than we are.The boys in her class are

25、taller than the boys in your class.(2)m ost同形容词连用而不用the,表 示“极彳艮,非常，十分”。Its most dangerous to be here.在这儿太危险。(3)“The+形容词比较级,the+形容词比较级”表 示“越 就越”。The more you study,the more you know.(4)“形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级”，表 示“越 来 越。Its getting hotter and hotter.(5)主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。This box is as big

26、 as mine.(6)the+形容词，表示某种人。He always helps the poor.(7)形容词和副词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比较。Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.【演练】1.There are many young trees on _sides of the road.A.every B.each C.both D.all2.-Its so cold today.一 Y es,its _than it was yesterday.A.more cold B.more colder C.much co

27、lder D.cold3.Little Tom has _friends,so he often plays alone.A.more B.a little C.many D.few4.She isnt so _at maths as you are.A.well B.good C.better D.best5.Peter writes _ of the three.A.better B.best C.good D.well6.He is _enough to carry the heavy box.A.stronger B.much stronger C.strong D.the stron

28、gest7.I bought _exercise-books with _ money.A.a few;a few B.a few;a littleC.a little;a few D.a little;a little8.The box is _heavy for the girl _ carry.A.too;to B.to;too C.so;that D.no;to9.The ice in the lake is about one meter _.Its strong enough to skate on.-6-A.longB.highC.thickD.wide10.Wu Lin ran

29、 _faster than the other boys in the sports meeting.A.so11.Jone looks soB.muchC.veryD.tootoday because she has got an A in her maths test.A.happy B.happily C.angry D.angrily12.The smile on my fathers face showed that he wasA.sad B.pleased C.angry D.sorry13.Mum,could you buy me a dress like this?-Cert

30、ainly,we can buy one than this,butA.a better;better than B.a worse;as good asC.a cheaper;as good as D.a more important;good as14.-This digital camera is really cheap!with me.this.Thethe better.Tm short of money,you see.A.cheap B.cheaper C.expensive D.more expensive15.If you want to learn English wel

31、l,you must use it as as possible.A.often B.long C.hard D.soon16.Paul has friends except me,and sometimes he feels lonely.A.many B.some C.few D.more17.English peopleuse Mr.Before a mans first name.A.never B.usually C.often D.sometimes18.一One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May.-Righ

32、t.The government spokethat.A.highly forC.well ofB.high ofD.highly of19.Remember this,children.We know,Miss Gao.A.The more;the moreC.The more;the fewercareful you are,B.The fewer;the moreD.The less;the lessmistakes you will make.20.1 have to do today.A.anything importantC.important nothingB.something

33、 importantD.important something【练习答案】l.C 2.C 3.D 4.B1 9.C 20.B5.B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 1 0.B 1 1.A 1 2.B 1 3.C 1 4.B 1 5.A 1 6.C 1 7.A 1 8.D专 题 三：动 词考点集汇，讲解和训练-7-1.动词的时态英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有8种，它们是：一般现在时、般过去时一、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。（1）一般现在时的基本用法1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every,sometimes,a

34、t，on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3）表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much.5）某些动词

35、如 come,go,move,stop,leave,arrive,be,finish,continue,start 等，在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。The train comes at 3 oclock.6）在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。Fil help you as soon as you have problem.Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.（2）一般过去时的用法：表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句，如 yesterday,t:h

36、e day before last,last week,two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。I worked in that factory last year.【注意】1）过去经常反复发生的动作，也可用used to或would加动词原形来表达，例如：I used to go fishing on Sundays.2）“usedto”也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态。例如：This river used to be clean.（3）一般将来时的用法1）表示将来的动作或状态。例如：1 shall attend the meeting tomorrow.2）表示将来反复

37、发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.3）表示将来的意愿，决心，许诺，命令等时常用w in,征求对方意见，主语是第一人称时,常 用shall。I will do my best to catch up with them.Shall I open the door?4）be+going+动词不定式。也是一种将来时句型，表示打算，计划，最近或将来要作的某事。1 am going to Beijing next week.-8-5）b e+动词不定式。表示有职责，义务，可能，约定，意图等。There is to be

38、 a meeting this afternoon.We are to meet the guests at the station.6）be about+动词不定式，表示马上，很快作某事。They are about to leave.（4）现在进行时的用法1）现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作，它注重现在正在进行的动作，而不管动作从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束。What are you doing now?I am looking for my key.2）现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作（但说话时这个动作不一定在进行）。The students are pr

39、eparing for the examination.3）某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作，这些动词有arrive,come,leave,start等。They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.【注意】.有些动词一般不可以用于进行时态表示状态的动词，尤其是静态动词，如：be,have表示认识、知觉和情感的动词，如：know,think,hear,find,see,like,want,wish,prefer等。（5）现在完成时的用法1）现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.T

40、hey have cleaned the classroom.2）现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。现在完成时常与fo r和 since引导的短语或从句连用。We have lived here since 1976.They have waited for more than two hours.【注意】一般过去时与现在完成时的区别过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响；一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用。试比较：1 saw this film yesterday.（强

41、调看的动作发生过了，不涉及现在）1 have seen由is f i l m.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）（6）过去进行时的用法表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。例如：I was watching TV when she came to see me.【注意】过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情，但过去进行时侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或所处的状态，强调动作的连续进行，而一般过去时则表示单纯的过去事实，例如：They were building a house last m onth.（上个月正在建造，建造好与否不知）They built a new house la

42、st m onth.（上个月建造好了，动作已经完成）-9-（7）过去完成时的用法过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态，过去完成时常和 by,before等词组成的短语和从句连用。We had already learned two thousand words by the end of last year.When we arrived at the station,they had waited for more than twenty minutes.（8）过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在地状态，过去将来时较多地被运用在宾语从句

43、中。例如：They were going to have a meeting.I told him that I would see him off at the station.2.动词的语态 语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。（1）被动语态1）被动语态最基本的句型结构是：be+及物动词过去分词2）被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after,think of,take care of,work out,laugh at等，也可用于被动语态。The children were

44、 taken good care of by her.【注意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。3）主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况若宾语补足语是不带t o 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel,hear,help,listen to,look at,make,observe,see,notice,watch等。例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom（by the teacher）.4）主动形式表示被动

45、意义如wash,clean,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如：The food tastes good.3.非谓语动词对非谓语动词的考点是：感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法；一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带t o,但变为被动语态时就要带to；有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语，但表达的意思不同。这些都是历年中考的重点。（1）非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名

46、词，分词，动词不定式。（2）不定式作宾语补足语Father will not allow us to play on the street.（3）不定式作目的状语He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.（4）用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词这样的动词有感官动词如：see,hear,look,notice,observe,feel等，使役动词如：have,make,leave,keep,get等。接不定式表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing表示动作的连-10-续性，进行性。I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

47、昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调“我见他正干活”这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活、(5)用不带to不定式的情况使役动词如：let,have,make等和感官动词如：see,watch,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find等后作宾补，省略to。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。(6)接动名词与不定式意义不同1)stop to d o 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop d o in g 停止做某事。2)forget to d o 忘记要去做某事。(未做)fo

48、rget d o in g 忘记做过某事。(已做)3)remember to d o 记得去做某事。(未做)remember d o in g 记得做过某事。(已做)4)try to do 努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。5)go on to d o 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing 继续做原来做的事。6)mean to do 打算、想mean doing 意味着4.容易混淆的常用动词的辨析(1)say,speak,talk,tell 的用法。1)say表示讲话，作为及物动词使用，后跟宾语或宾语从句。He said he would go there

49、.Its time to leave.We have to say goodbye to you.2)speak表示“讲话”，一般作为不及物动词使用，而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。Do you speak English?May I speak to Mr Pope,please?3)talk表示“谈话”，是不及物动词,与to,about,with等连用,才可宾语。What are you talking about?Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.4)tell表示“告诉，讲述”是及物动词，可以带双宾语

50、或复合宾语。She told us an interesting story yesterday.My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.(2)look,see,watch 和 watch 的用法。l)look强调“看”这个动作，是不及物动词，常与at连用，然后接宾语。Look!The girl is swimming in the lake.Look at the picture carefully.Can you find something unusual?2)see指“看见”某物，强调的是