2011～2015年考研英语二真题.pdf

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1、2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A7,B,C orD on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)“The Internet affords anonymity to its usersa boon to privacy and freedom of speech.But that veryanonymity is also behind

2、the explosion of cybercrime that has across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seemsincreasingly 3?Last month,Howard Schmidt,the nations cyber-czar,offered the Obama government a 4 tomake the Web a safer place一a voluntary identify system th

3、at would be the high-tech 5 of aphysical key,fingerprint and a photo ID card,all rolled 6 one.The system might use a smart identitycard,or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer,and would authenticate users at a range ofonline services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify

4、systems.Users could 9 which systemto join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sig

5、n-on,9 systems that make it possiblefor users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 the approach would create a“walled garden in safe“neighborhoods”and bright“streetlights”to establish a sense of 13 community.Mr.Schmidt described it as a voluntary ecosystem in which individuals and orga

6、nizations cancomplete online transactions with 14,trusting the identities of the infrastructure 15 which thetransaction runs.Still,the administrations plan has 16 privacy rights activists.Some applaud the approach;others are concerned.It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward wh

7、at would 17 bea compulsory Internet“drivers license mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts,who worry that thevoluntary ecosystem envisioned by Mr.Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19.Theyargue that all Internet users should be 20 to register a

8、nd identify themselves,in the same way thatdrivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A swept2.A for3.A careless4.A reason5.A information6.A by7.A linked8.fA dismiss9.A recall10.A released11.A carry onB skippedB withinB lawlessB reminderB interferenceBl intoB directedB discoverB suggestB is

9、suedB linger onC walkedC whileC pointlessC compromiseC entertainmentC fromC chainedC createC selectC distributedC set inD riddenD thoughD helplessD proposalD equivalentfD overD comparedD improveD realizeD deliveredD log in2011年考研英语二(1)12.A In vain13.A trusted14.A caution15.A on16.A divided17.A frequ

10、ently18.A skepticism19.A manageable20.A invitedBl In effectB modernizedB delightB afterB disappointedB incidentallyB toleranceB defendableB appointedC In returnC thrivingC confidenceC beyondC protectedC occasionallyC indifferenceC vulnerableC allowedfD In contrastD competingD patienceDacrossD united

11、D eventuallyfD enthusiasmD invisiblefD forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside direct

12、or in January 2000:a year later shebecame president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roleswithout attracting much eroticism.But by the end of 2009 Ms.Simmons was under fire for having sat onGoldmans compensation committee;how could she have let those enormou

13、s bonus payouts passunremarked?By February the next year Ms.Simmons had left the board.The position was just taking uptoo much time,she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful,yet less biased,advisers on a firms board.Havingmade their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presu

14、mably have enough independence todisagree with the chief executives proposals.If the sky,and the share price is falling,outside directorsshould be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms an

15、d morethan 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.Then they simply checked which directors stayedfrom one proxy statement to the next.The most likely reason for departing a board was age,so theresearchers concentrated on those“surprise“disappearances by directors under the age of 70.They f

16、ountthat after a surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earningsincreased by nearly 20%.The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,and the stock is likely to perform worse.The effect tended to be larger for larger fir

17、ms.Although acorrelation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive,it does notmean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship.Often they trade up.Leaving riskier,smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside

18、 directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to theirreputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,even if a review of history shows they were onthe board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.Firms who want to keep their outside directors throughtough times may have to create incentive

19、s.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms.Simmons,once again very popular on campus.21.According to Paragraph 1,Ms.Simmons was criticized forA gaining excessive profitsB failing to fulfill her duty2011年考研英语二C refusing to make compromises D leaving the board in tough times22.We lear

20、n from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be.A generous investors fB unbiased executivesC share price forecasters D independent advisers23.According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure,thefirm is likely to.A become more stable B repor

21、t increased earningsC do less well in the stock market D perform worse in lawsuits24.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside d i r e c t o r s.A may stay for the attractive offers from the firmB have often had records of wrongdoings in the firmC are accustomed to stress-free work in

22、the firmDI will decline incentives from the firm25.The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is.A permissive fB positive C scornful fD criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper?A year ago the end seemed near.The recessionthreatened to remove the advertising and reader

23、s that had not already fled to the internet.Newspapers likethe San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom.Americas Federal Trade commissionlaunched a round of talks about how to save newspapers.Should they become charitable corporations?Should the state subsidize them?It will hold anoth

24、er meeting soon.But the discussions now seem out ofdate.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off therecession.Even American newspapers,which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry,havenot only survived but often returned to profit.

25、Not the 20%profit margins that were routine a few yearsago,but profit all the same.It has not been much fun.Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard.The AmericanSociety of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007.Readers are payingmore for slimmer product

26、s.Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs.Yetthese desperate measures have proved the right ones and,sadly for many journalists,they can be pushedfurther.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses,with a healthier mix of revenues from readersand advertisers.America

27、n papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.Fully 87%oftheir revenues came from advertising in 2008,according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation&Development(OECD).In Japan the proportion is 35%.Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are muchmore stable.The whirlwind that

28、swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has beenconcentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive.Car and film reviewers have gone.So havescience and general business reporters.Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.Newspapers are lesscomplete as a result.But co

29、mpleteness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26.By saying Newspapers like.their own doom”(Lines 2-3,Para.1),the author indicates thatn e w s p a p e r.A neglected the sign of crisis B failed to get state subsidies2011年考研英语二C were not charitable corporations D were in a desperate situat

30、ion27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably b e c a u s e.A readers threatened to pay lessB newspapers wanted to reduce costsC journalists reported little about these areasD subscribers complained about slimmer products28.Compared with their American counterparts,Japanese news

31、papers are much more stable because theyA have more sources of revenue B have more balanced newsroomsC are less dependent on advertising D are less affected by readership29.What can be infen*ed from the last paragraph about the cuiTent newspaper business?A Distinctiveness is an essential feature of

32、newspapers.Bl Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.C Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.D Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30.The most appropriate title for this text would be.A American Newspapers:Struggling for SurvivalB American

33、Newspapers:Gone with the WindC American Newspapers:A Thriving BusinessD American Newspapers:A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity andgrowth,with soldiers returning home by the millions,going off to college on the G.I.Bill and

34、 lining up atthe marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses,it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly bemore.During the Depression and the war,Americans had learned to live with less,and that restraint,incombination with the postwar confidence in the future,made small,e

35、fficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.The phrase“less ismore was actually first popularized by a German,the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,who likeother people associated with the Bauhaus,a school of design,emigrated to t

36、he United States before WorldWar II and took up posts at American architecture schools.These designers came to exert enormousinfluence on the course of American architecture,but none more so than Mies.Miess signature phrase means that less decoration,properly organized,has more impact that a lot.Ele

37、gance,he believed,did not derive from abundance.Like other modem architects,he employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized thefuture.Miess sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small andeffici

38、ent,rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago9s Lake Shore Drive,for example,weresmaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the citysGold Coast.But they were popular because of their airy glass walls,th

39、e views they afforded and theelegance of the buildings,details and proportions,the architectural equivalent of the abstract art sopopular at the time.The trend toward less was not entirely foreign.In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started buildingmore modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 s

40、quare feet-than the spreading two-story ones he2011年考研英语二(4)had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The“Case Study Houses“commissioned from talented modem architects by California Arts&Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the“less ismore tr

41、end.Aesthetic effect came from the landscape,new materials and forthright detailing.In his CaseStudy House,Ralph everyday life-few American families acquired helicopters,though most eventuallygot clothes dryers-but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

42、31.The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans9.A prosperity and growth B efficiency and practicalityC restraint and confidence D pride and faithfulness32.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?A It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.Bl Its

43、designing concept was affected by World War II.C Most American architects used to be associated with it.D It had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural de s i gn.A was related to large spaceB was identified with emptinessC was not reliant on abundant

44、 decorationD was not associated with efficiency34.What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicagos Lake Shore Drive?A They ignored details and proportions.B They were built with materials popular at that time.C They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.D They shared some chai*acteri

45、stics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the Case Study House”？Al Mechanical devices were widely used.B Natural scenes were taken into consideration.C Details were sacrificed fbr the overall effect.D Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it?The

46、 question would have sounded strange not long ago.Now eventhe projects greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a Bermuda triangle of debt,populationdecline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems,the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core,the 16 countriesthat use the single

47、 currency.Markets have lost faith that the euro zones economies,weaker or stronger,will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency,which denies uncompetitivemembers the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europes single currency from disintegration i

48、s stuck.It is stuckbecause the euro zones dominant powers,France and Germany,agree on the need fbr greaterharmonization within the euro zone,but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness,barked by quasi-automatic s

49、anctions for governments that do not obey.These might include threats tofreeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country 9s voting2011年考研英语二(5)rights in EU ministerial councils.It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members ofthe EU c

50、lub,among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigor;in theinner core alone,Germany fears,a small majority favour French interference.A“southern“camp headed by French wants something different:European economic government”within an inner core of euro-zone members.Tr