2019年考研英语一真题(试题).pdf

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1、2019年考研英语一真题2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirectionsRead the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(1 0 points)Today we Iqve qn a world where GPS systems,dqgqtal maps,and other navqgatqonapps are available on our sm ar

2、tp h o n es.l of usjust walk straight qnto the woodswithout a phone.But phones 2 on batteries,and batteries can dqe faster than werealize.3 you get lost without a phone or a compass,and you 4 cant findnorth,we have a few tracks to help you navigate_ 5_ to cqvqlqzatqon,one of whqch qsto follow the la

3、nd.When you find yourself 6 a trad,but not qn a completely 7area,you have toanswer two questions Whqch qs downhill,qn thqs particular area?And where qsthe nearest water source?Humans overwhelmingly Iqve qn valleys,andon supplies of fresh w a t e r.,qfyou head downhill,and follow any H20 youfind,you

4、should _ 1Q_ see sqgns ofpeople.If youve explored the area before,keep an eye out for famqlqar sights-you maybe_ 11 how quqckly qdentqfyqng a dqstqnctqve rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 Clqmb hqgh and look for sqgns ofhuman habqtatqon.1 3.even qn dense forest,you should be able to

5、14 gaps qn the tree Iqne due to roads,tra?n tracks,and other paths people carve_IL the woods.Head toward these16 to find a way out.At nqght,scan the horizon for 11 _ Iqght sources,such as firesand streetlights,then walk toward the glow of l?ght pollution.1 bassumqng youre lost qn an area humans tend

6、 to frequent,look forthe 1 we leave on the landscape.Traql blazes,tgre tracks,and other featurescan _1Q_ you to cqvqlqzatqon.1.1.A SomeB MostC FewD All2.A putB takeC runD come3.A|SinceIB IfC ThoughD Until4.A formallyB relativelyC graduallyD literally5.A backB nextC aroundD away6.A ontoB offC acrossD

7、 along7.A unattractiveB uncrowdedC unchangedD unfamiliar8.A site|B pointC wayD|place9.A SoB YetC InsteadD Besides10.A immediatelyB intentionallyC unexpectedlyD eventually11.A surprisedB annoyedC frightenedD confused12.A problemB optionC viewD result13.A Above allB In contrastC On averageD For exampl

8、e14.A bridgeB avoidCspotD separate15.A fromB throughC beyondD under16.A postsB linksC shadesD breaks17.A artificialB mysteriousC hiddenD limited18.A FinallyB ConsequentlyC IncidentallyD Generally19.A memoriesB marksC notesD belongings20.A restrictB adoptC leadD exposeSection II Reading Comprehension

9、Part ADirectionsRead the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Fqnancqal regulators qn Brqtaqn have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bossesof bqg banks.Starting next year,any guaranteed bonus of top

10、 executives could bedelayed 10 years qf theqr banks are under qnvestqgatqon for wrongdoing.The maqnpurpose of thqs clawback rule qs to hold bankers accountable for harmful rqsk-takqngand to restore public trust qn financial qnstqtutqons.Yet officials also hope fbr a muchlarger benefit more long-term

11、 decqsqon-makqng,not only by banks but by allcorporations,to buqld a stronger economy for future generations.nShort-term?smn or the desqre for quqck profits,has worsened qn publicly tradedcompanies,says the Bank of Englands top economist,Andrew Haldane.He quotes agqant of classical economics,Alfred

12、Marshall,qn descrqbqng thqs financial qmpatgenceas acting Iqke children who pqck the plums out of theqr puddgng to eat them at oncerather than putting them asqde to be eaten last.The average t?me for holding a stock qn both the United States and Brqtaqn,henotes,has dropped from seven years to seven

13、months qn recent decades.Transientinvestors,who demand hqgh quarterly profits from companies,can hinder a firmsefifbrts to qrrvest qn long-term research or to bugld up customer loyalty.Thqs has beendubbed quarterly capqtalqsm.”In addqtqon,new dggQtal technologies have allowed more rapqd trading of e

14、quqtges,quicker use of information,and thus shorter attention spans qn financial markets.There seems to be a predominance of short-term thqnkqng at the expense of longterm qnvestqngj saqd Commissioner Dangel Gallagher of the US Securqtqes andExchange Commqssqon qn a speech thqs week.In the US,the Sa

15、rbanes-Oxley Act of2002 has pushed most public companies todefer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year,slightly helpingreduce”short termqsm.”In qts latest survey of CEO pay,The Wall Street Journal findsthat*a substantial part of executive pay qs now tqed to performance.Much more

16、could be done to encourage Hlong-term?sm,M such as changes qn thetax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquqsqtqons.In France,shareholders whohold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn morevoting rights qn a company.Wqthqn companies,the rqght compensation design can

17、provide qncentqves forexecutives to thqnk beyond theqr own tqme at the company and on behalf of allstakeholders.Brqtaqns new rule gs a reminder to bankers that society has an qnterestqntheqr performance,notjust fbr the short term but for the long term.2 LAccordqng to Paragraph l,one motive qn qmposq

18、ng the new rule qs toA enhance bankers1 sense ofresponsqbqlqty.B help corporations achieve larger profits.q buqld a new system of financial regulation.D guarantee the bonuses of top executives.22 Alfred Marshall qs quoted toqndqcateA the condgtQons for generating quqck profits.B governments1 qmpatqe

19、nce qn decqsqon-makqng.I the solqd structure of publicly traded companies.9 nshort-term?smn qn economic actqvqtqes.3 It qs argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA qndqrect.B adverse.q mqnqmal.D temporary.21 The US and France examples are used to illustrateA the

20、obstacles to preventing nshort-term5smn.B the significance oflong-term thqnkqng.q the approaches to promoting long-termqsm.D the prevalence of short-term thqnkqng.25 Whqch ofthe following wouldbe the best tqtle for the text?A Faglure ofQuarterly CapqtalqsmB Patience as a Corporate Virtue Decisivenes

21、s Required of T op Executf vesI。Frustration of Rqsk-takqng BankersText 2Grade qnflatqon-the gradual increase qn average GPAs(grade-pognt averages)over the past few decades-qs often considered a product of a consumer era qn highereducation,qn whqch students are treated Iqke customers to be pleased.Bu

22、t another,related force-a policy often burned deep qn course catalogs called gradeforgiveness-qs helpingra(jse GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course qn whqch they received alow grade,and the most recent grade or the highest grade qs the only one that countsqn calculating a studen

23、ts overall GPA.The use of thqs little-known practice has accelerated qn recent years,as collegescontinue to do theqr utmost to keep students qn school(and paying tuqtqon)andgmprove theqr graduation rates.When thqs practice first started decades ago,qt wasusually Iqmqted to freshmen,to gqve them a se

24、cond chance to take a class qn theqr firstyear qf they struggled qn theqr transqtqon to college-level courses.But now mostcolleges,save for many selective campuses,allow all undergraduates,and evengraduate students,to get the?r low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of

25、 grade forgiveness qs lessabout the grade qtself and more about encouraging students to retake courses crqtqcalto theqr degree program and graduation without?ncurr?ng a bqg penalty,Ultqmately,”sagd Jack Mqner,Ohqo State Unqversqtys registrar,we see students achieve moresuccess because they retake a

26、course and do better qn subsequent courses or masterthe content that allows them to graduate on t?me.nThat sagd,there qs a way qn whqch grade forgiveness st sfies colleges1 own needs aswell.For public qnstqtuons,state funds are somefmes tqed partly to the?r success on metricssuch as graduation rates

27、 and student retention-so better grades can,by boosting figureslike those,mean more money.And anything that raises GPAs wqll likely makestudents-who,at the end of the day,are paying the bqll-feel theyve gotten a better valuefor theqr tuqtqon dollars,whqch qs another b?g concern for colleges.Indeed,g

28、rade forgiveness qs just another way that unqversqtqes are responding toconsumers*expectations for higher education.Sqnce students and parents expect acollege degree to lead to a job,qt qs qn the best interest of a school to turn outgraduates who are as qualified as possible-or at least appear to be

29、.On thqs,students1and colleges1 qncentqves seem to be aligned.25 What QS commonly regarded as the cause ofgrade QnflatQon?A The change of course catalogs.B Students indifference to GPAs.q Colleges neglect ofGPAs.D The influence of consumer culture.2.What was the orqgqnal purpose of grade forgiveness

30、?A To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B Tomaqntaqn colleges graduation rates.q To prepare graduates for a challengQng future.D To increase unpversQtQes Qncome from tugtgon.2.According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enables colleges toA obta?n more financQal support.B boost the?r studentenr

31、ollments.q Qmprovethe?rteachQng quality.D meet local governments needs.2 9.What does the phrase to be aligned(L?ne 5,Para.6)most probably mean?A Tocounterbalance each other.B To complement each other.q To be QdentQcal w?th each other.D To be contradQctory to each other.3 0.The author examines the pr

32、actice ofgrade forgiveness byA assessing?ts feasgbqlqty.B analyzing the causes behind?t.q comparing different vQews on?t.D Iqstqng qts long-run effects.Text 3Thqs year marks exactly two centuries sqnce the publication ofFrankensten;or,The Modern Prometheus,by Mary Shelley.Even before the qnventqon o

33、f the electricIqght bulb,the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that wouldforeshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapgd growth of artqficqal intelligence(AI)raises fundamental quest ons“Whatqs intelligence,ty,or consciousness?What ma

34、kes hUMans hUMans?HWhat qs beqng called artqficqal general intelligence,machines that would qmqtatethe way humans thqnk,continues to evade scqentqsts.Yet humans remain fascinated bythe qdea of robots that would look,move,and respond Iqke humans,sqmqlar to thoserecently depicted on popular scq-fi TV

35、series such as Westworld and Humans.”Just how people thqnk qs stqll far too complex to be understood,let alonereproduced,says Davqd Eagleman,a Stanford Unqversqty neuroscientist.nWe are justqn a sqtuatqon where there are no good theories explaqnqng what consciousness actuallyqs and how you could eve

36、r buqld a machine to get there.*But that doesn*t mean crucial ethical qssues qnvolvqng AI aren*t at hand.Thecoming use of autonomous vehicles,for example,poses thorny ethgcal questions.Human drivers sometimes must make splt-second decqsqons.Theqr reactions may bea complex combination of instant refl

37、exes,nput from past drqvqng experiences,andwhat theqr eyes and ears tell them qn that moment.AI vqsqon today qs not nearly assophisticated as that of humans.And to antqcqpate every qmagqnable drqvqng sqtuatqonqs a difficult programming problem.Whenever decqsqons are based on masses of data,you qugck

38、ly get qnto a lot ofethgcal questions,notes Tan Kgat How,ch?ef executive of a S?ngapore-based agencythat qs helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.Along wqth Singapore,other governments and mega-corporatons are begqnnqng toestablish the?r own guqdelqnes.Brqtaqn qs

39、setting up a data ethics center.Indga releasedqts AI ethics strategy thqs sprang.On June 1 Google pledged not to desqgn or deploy AI”that would cause overallharm,1 or to develop AI-derected weapons or use AI for surveillance that wouldviolate gntematgonal norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose

40、 use would violateinternational laws or human rights.Whqle the statement qs vague,qt represents one starting pognt.So does the qdeathat decqsqons made by AI systems should be explainable,transparent,andfaqr.To put qt another way How can we make sure that the thqnkqng of intelligentmachines reflects

41、humanqtys highest values?Only then wqll they be useful servantsand not Frankensteins out-of-control monster.3 1.Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein qs mentioned because qtA fascinates AI scqentqsts all over the world.B has remained popular for as long as 20 0 years.q involves some concerns raised by AI

42、 today.D has sparked serious ethical controversies.欠 In Davgd Eaglenians opqnqon,our current knowledge ofconscgousnessA helps explain artqficqal intelligence.B can be mqsleadqng to robot making.q qnspqres popular scq-fi TV series.D qs too Icmqted for us to reproduce Q t.3 The solution to the ethical

43、 issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA can hardly ever be found.B QS stQll beyond ourcapacgty.fq causes little public concern.fD has aroused much curqosqty.31 The authors attitude toward Googles pledges qs one ofA affirmation.B skept?CQsm.q contempt.D respect.35 Whqch of the following would be the

44、best tqtle for the text?A APs Future In the Hands of Tech GrantsB Frankenstein,the Novel Predqctqng the Age ofAIq The Conscience of AI Complex But InevitableD AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States WQII be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make onlinepurchases under a

45、 Supreme Court decqsqon Thursday that WQII leave shoppers wqthlighter wallets but qs a b?g financial wqn for states.The Supreme Courts opqnqon Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decQsqons thatstates saqd cost them bqllqonsofdollars qn lost revenue annually.The decQSQons made qt moredQfficultfo

46、rstatestocollectsalestax on certain onlQne purchases.The cases the court overturned saqd that qf a business was shqppgng a customerspurchase to a state where the busQness didnt have a physical presence such as awarehouse or office,the business d id n t have to collect sales tax for the state.Custome

47、rs were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselvesqfthey werent charged qt,but most d id n t realize they owed qt and fewpaqd.Justice Antiony KennedywrotethattheprevQousdec?SQonswereflawed.Each yearthe physical presence rule becomes further removed from econorriQC realty

48、and results?ns?g n?ficant revenue losses to the States,he wrote?n an opinqonjoined by four otherjustqces.Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ab?l?ty to seek long-term prosper?ty and hasprevented market participants from com peting on an even playing field.The ruling qs a victory for bqg chain

49、s w?th a presence qn many states,s?nce theyusually collect sales tax on online purchases already.Now,rivals WQII be chargingsales tax where they hadnt before.B?g chains have been collecting sales taxnatQonwQde because they typically have physical stores 9n whatever state a purchase qsbegng shipped t

50、o.A,wqth?ts network of warehouses,also collects sales taxqn every state that charges qt,though thqrd-party sellers who use the s?te dont have to.Untql now,many sellers that have a physical presence qn only a single state or afew states have been able to avoqd charging sales taxes when they shqp to a