2019考研英语逐词逐句精讲册.pdf

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1、2019年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲Section I Use of English一第一段,一。Tcnlay,we live in a world where GPS systems,digital nui|s,and other navigation ap|s are available on our smartphones.如今.我们生活在这样一个世界中：在智能手机上就可以使用全球定位系统、数字地图以及其他导航应用程序句子主干二级修饰二级修饰Today,we live in a w orld（主+谓）where引导的定语从句，修饰a worldwhere GPS systems,di

2、gital maps,and other navigation apps are available 介词短语作状语on our smartphones.词汇注释 navigation*naevrgeijn n.导航；领航 available*o vcibbl a.可获得的；可找到的 Few of us just walk straight into the WMK!S without a phone.我们中很少有人会不带手机就直接走进森林一级修饰句子主干二级修饰into the woods介词短语作句子主干的地点状语ESSlsLyS walk straight（主+谓）介词短语作句子主干的伴

3、随状语without a phone.But phones run on batteries,and batteries aan die faster than we realize,但手机依靠电池运行，而电池耗电速度比我们预想的要快。（l）But phones n u i on b a tte rie s,（主+谓）句子主干 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _|and连接的并列句（2）a n d Q u e rie s can die faster（主+谓）han.作（2）句的比较状语一级修饰 than we realize.词汇注释 battery baitri n.电池；（汽车）

4、电瓶 realize*Tiialaiz心意识到；理解；领会 If you gel lost without a phone or a compass.and you literally cant find north.a few tricks may help you navigateback to civilization,one of which is to follow the la n d.如果你在没有手机或指南针的情况下迷路，并且确实找不到北方，有一些技巧可以帮你指引方向，回到文明社会,其中之一就是沿着陆地走，一级修饰句子主干一级修乐and you literally cant fi

5、nd north.卜md连接的并列句If you get lost without a phone or a compass,If引导的条件状语从句.作句子主干的条件状语a few tricks m ay help you（to）navigate back to c iv iliz c ftio u,（主+谓+宾+宾补）hirh引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明a few tricksone of which is to follow the land.词汇注释 compass*kAmpss n.指南针；罗盘trick*tn k n.技巧;把戏v.欺骗literally*htarali ad.确

6、实地;照字面地civilization*ivglai zeijn n.文明;文明社会第二段一 When you fi nd yourself well off a trai l,b ut not i n a c ompletely unfami li ar a rea,you ha ve to a nswer two questi ons:Whi c h wa y i s downhill.i n thi s parti c ular area?如果你发现自己远远偏离了路线，但并非处于一个完全陌生的区域时，你必须问答两个问题:在这个特定的区域里，哪条路可以下山？一级修饰句子主干一级修饰When

7、 you fi nd yourself well off a trai l,I b ut连接并列的介词短语but not in a c ompletely unfami li ar a rea,导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语you have to answer t w o q u e s t io n s：（主+谓+宾）j 解释说明two questi onsWhi c h wa y i s downhi ll,i n thi s parti c ular a rea?词汇注释 trail*tre i l几路线；痕迹downhill i daunhi l a.下山的 ad,向山下 An

8、d where i s the nea rest wa ter source?最近的水源在哪里？句子主干And where is ihe nearest waler sotm、e?（特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+系+主）要点注释本句,j 句中冒号后的内容共同解释说明句中的Iwo（juesti ons Huma ns overwhelmingly li ve i n valleys,a nd on supplies f fresh water.绝大多数人居住在山谷里,且以淡水为生句子主干一级修饰二级修饰I in mans overwhelmingly live（主+谓）a nd连接并列的介词短语,作状

9、语in va lleys,and on supplies介词短语作后置定语J修饰suppli esof fresh wa ter.词汇注释 overwhelmingly （aovo-wclmigli ad.压倒性地 supply*sa plai n.补给；供应 r.提供 So,i f y 1 卜 二 9I?tio n：（There be句型：There+is+主）一级修饰解释说明句子主干Climb high|and连接的并列祈使句and l（M）k frr signs of human habitation.词汇注释 option*-DpJ,n n.选择；选择权；选修课 habitation

10、.haibi tcijn.居住；住所 For example,even in dense forest,you should be able to spot gaps in the tree line clue to roads,train tracks,andother paths people carve through lh*WCMMIS.例如,即使在茂密的森林中,你也应该能够发现由于人们修建穿林的公路、火车轨道和其他小路所形成的林线缺口For example,一级修饰 插入语even in dense forest,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _“介闻短语作句子主干的地点状语you

11、 should be able to spot gaps in the tree line（主+调+宾）介词短语作后置定语.修饰gaps in the tree line一级修饰 due to roads,train tracks,and other paths省略关系词（whirh/that）的定语从句,:修饰roads.paths二级修饰 people carve througli the woods.词汇注释：dense*dens a.密集的；浓密的 spot*spot vl,发现；让步n.斑点；污迹track*track.轨道；路径&.跟踪 carve*ka：v .铺（路）；雕刻Hea

12、d toward these breaks lo find a way k for the ma rks we lea ve on the la ndsc a x 殳 后.假如你在人类经常出没的地方迷 路，就去寻找人们留在景观处的痕迹二级修饰一级修饰huma ns tend lo frequent,省略关系词（whi c h/that）的定语从句小修饰a n a reaassuming youre lost i n an areaI a ssumi ng引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语句子主干F ii)allv.lo o k fo r t he m ar ks(祈使句：谓+宾)一级修饰

13、|省略关系词(whi c h/tha t)的定语从句.修饰the ma rkwe lea ve on the la ndsc a pe.词汇注释assuming g sju：mi g conj.假如；假设frequent*fri i kwsnt vt.常去 a,频繁的 Trail blazes.li re tnu ks,a nd other fea tuns c a n lea d you to ci vi li zati on.路边树上的刻痕、轮胎印以及其他特征都可以指引你回到文明社会,句子主干一级修饰T r ail blaz es,t ir e t r acky,an dher feat

14、u过 日 cu n lead y o u (主+谓+宾)介词短语作状语to c i vi li zati on.词汇注释trai l*trei l n.痕迹；踪迹&.拉b laze I b lei z（用作路标的）树皮刻痕;烈火V/,Part AText 1,第一段一O Fi nanc i a l regula tors i n Bri tai n ha ve imposed a ra ther unusual ni le on the b osses of b i g b anks.英国金融监管机构对大型银行的高管们实施r 项非同寻常的规定 1 5 2 一级修饰句子主干一级修饰二级修饰in

15、BritainI介词短语作后置定语，修饰Financial regulatorsF in an cial r egu lat o r s.I）J（mijMrd,1 H IH I-U；II iu l（i：+谓+宾）介词短语作状语J表对象on the bosses介词短语作后置定语J修饰the IMssesof big banks.词 汇 注 释impose*im paoz vt.强制实行;推行unusual*“irju:3M a.不寻常的;罕见的 Starting next year,any guaranteed bonus of top executives uld lie delayed 1

16、0 years if their banks are under investigationfor wrongdoing.从明年开始,如果其所在银行因不当行为受到调杳，任何保证给高管人员的奖金都有可能延迟10年发放一级修饰句子主干一级修饰Starting next year,现在分词短语作句子主干的状语qn y gu ar an t eed bo n u s.（皿（期 毁 卬 1 0 y ear s（主+谓）介词短语作后置定语.修饰any guaranteed bonusof top executivesif引导的条件状语从句.作句子主干的条件状语if their banks are unde

17、r investigation for wrongdoing.词汇注释 guarantee*.garan-ti:保证;确保executive*ig zekjativ n.管理人员；经理investigation m（vestrgeijn n.（正式的）调查bonus*baongs n.奖金；红利delay*d.lei仇延迟；推迟；延期wrongdoing rnrjdujg n.不法行为;坏事 The main purpose of this clawback rule is to hold bankers accountable lor harmful risk-taking and t（re

18、store publictrust in financial institutions.该项“收回”规定的主要目的是让银行家们对有害风险行为负责，并恢复公众对金融机构的信任。一级修饰 of this clawback rule介词短语作后置定语，修饰The main purposeaccountable for harmful risk-taking 形容词短语作hankers的补足语T h e m a i n p u r p o s e.i s t o h o l d b a n k e r s （主+系+表）|and连接的并列表语and to restore public trust介词短

19、语作后置定语J修饰public truM一级修饰 in financial institutions.词汇注释 clawback -kbibzck n,回收款 accountable s kaontobl a.负有责任；有说明义务restore*n sto：（r）vt.恢复；修复 financial*fai nsenjl a.金融的；财政的 Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit:more long-term decision-making,not only by banks but by allcorporations,to bui

20、ld a stronger economy for future generations.然而,政府官员还期待着更大的成效:不仅仅是银行,所有的公司都要做出更多长远的决策，为子孙后代建设一个更强大的经济体 153 句子主干Y e l o f f i c i p l s a l s o h o p e f o r a m u c h l a r g e r b e n e f i t：（主+谓+宾）解释说明a muc h la rger li enefi l|一级修饰二级修饰三 级修饰more long-term dec i si on-maki ng,not only b y b a nks

21、b ut b y all c orpora ti ons.动词不定式短语作目的状语to b ui ld a stronger ec onomy 介词短语作状语,表对象for future genera ti ons.词汇注释.官员；高级职员corporation*.koipa rcijn.公司；企业economy*i konami n.经 济；经济情况benefit*b emfi t n.成效；优 势；益处build*b i ld v.建设；建立generation*td3c na rci jn n.一代人,一辈人第二段O Short-termism.or the desi re for qu

22、i c k profits,ha s worsened i n pub li c ly traded c ompa ni es,sa ys the Ba nk ofEngla nds top ec onoi ni sl,Andrew Haldane.英格兰银行首席经济学家安德鲁 霍尔丹表示.“短期效益主义”或者对快速获利的渴求在上市公司中已然恶化一级修饰句子主干一级修饰二级修饰in pub li c ly tra ded c ompa ni es,介词短语作句子主干的状语,or the desi re for qui c k profi ts,插入语.补充说明“Short上门ni、m、“S h

23、 o r t-t e r m i s m Jh a s w o r s e n e d （主+谓）插入语sa ys.Andrew Haldane.I Andrew Ha lda ne的同位语the Ba nk of Englands top ec onomi st,表范围词汇注释 short-termism短期效益主义 profit*profi t.嬴利；利润；收益worsen|w3：sn 恶 化；（使）变得更坏 trade*tre i d 就 做 买 卖；做生意；从事贸易 He quotes a giant of classical economics.Alfred Marshall,i n

24、 desc ri b i ng thi s Gna nc i a l i mpa ti enc e a s a c ti ng li ke*c hi ldren who pi c k i he plums out of thei r pudding to ea l them a t onc e ra ther tha n putti ng them a si de to b e ea ten la st.他引用古典经济学巨匠阿尔弗雷德-马歇尔的话，将这种金融上的急躁表现描述为就像“孩子们把李子从布丁里挑出来立即吃掉”一样,而不是把它们放在一边最后再吃一级修饰a gi a nt of c las

25、si c al ec onomi c s,|Alfred Ma rsha ll的同位语句子主干H e （i i i o l e s.A l f r e d M a r s h a l l.（主+谓+宾），-”-、-*_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _一级修饰二级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语in desc ri b i ng this financial impatience介词短语作i hi s fi na nc i a l i mpa ti enc e的补足语as a c ti ng li ke“childrenwhc引导的定语从句J修饰c h油drenwho pi c k

26、 the plums out of thei r puddi ng to ea t them a t onc e”ra thertha n连接的并列成分J肯定前者，否定后者rather than putti ng them a si de to b e ea ten la st.154 词汇注释 quote*kwaut r.弓|用；引述儿引文；语录 gi ant*dsai ant儿伟人；巨人c lassi c al*kla esi kl 古典的；经典的；传统的 ec onomi c s*|i：ka nnmi ks.经济学plum pi Am n.李子;梅子 puddi ng pudi rj n

27、.布丁；甜食，甜点一第三段,一O The a vera ge li me for holdi ng a stoc k i n b olh the Uni ted Sta tes a nd Bri tai n,he notes,ha s dropped from seven yea rs toseven monlhs i n nxent dec a des.他（霍尔丹）指出,近几十年来,在美国和英国,平均持股时间从7年缩短到了 7个月一级修饰in b oth the Uni ted Sta tes a nd Bri tai n,介词短语作句子主干的地点状语for holdi ng a stoc

28、k“介词短语作后置定语，修饰The a vera ge ti me句子主干T h e a ve ra g e ti me.h a s d roppe d （主+谓）一级修饰“插入语he notes,介词短语作句子主干的状语from seven yea rs to seven months介词短语作句子主干的时间状语in rec ent dec a des.要点注释 介词短语i n b oth the Uni ted Sta tes a nd Bri tai n中，b othand连接并列的名词短语词汇注释 a verage aevonds。.平均的；平常的 h o ld*h ao ld 凯.持

29、有；拿着;拥有stoc k*stok n.股份；股票 n o te*n9 Ot vl.指出；提 到n.笔记;注释drop*|d ro p仇（使）降低;减少 dec ade*dc kei d n.十年；十年期 Transi ent i nvestors,who dema nd hi gh quarterly pn）fi ts from c ompa ni es,c a n hi nder a fi rms efforts to i nvesl i n long-Hrm resea rc h or to b ui ld up c uslomer lo y alty.那些要求从公司获得高额季度利润的

30、短期投资者，会妨碍公司为投资长期研究或建立顾客忠诚度而做的努力一级修饰 who dema nd hi gh quarterly profi ts from c ompa ni es,_ whc引导的非限定性定语从句.补充说明Tra nsi enl i nveslorsT ra n si e n t i n ve stors.c a n h i n d e r a f i rm s e f f orts（主+谓+宾）动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a fi rmk eflb rtato i nvest i n long-term resea rc h一级修饰|而连接并列的动词不定式结构or to

31、b ui ld up c ustomer loyally.词汇注释：transi ent*traenzhm a.短暂的；临时的 quarterly -kwxtali a.季度的；每季的hi nd er*hi nder）vl.妨碍;阻碍；阻挡 loyalty*b i alti n.忠诚，忠实 Thi s ha s b een dub b ed*qua rterly capi tali sm.这已被戏称为“季度资本主义”。句子主干一级修饰T h i s h a s b e e n d ub b e d （主+谓）Thi v的补足语“quarterly c a pi ta li sm.*词汇注释 d

32、ub dAb vt.把.戏称为;给.起绰号c api tali sm ksepi ta li zom n.资本主义（制度）155 第四段 In addi ti on t new di gi tal tec hnologi es ha ve a llowed more rapi d tra di ng of equi ti es,qui c ker use of i nformati on,a nd thusshorter a ttenti on spa ns i n fi nanc i al markets.此外，新的数字技术使股票交易更迅速,信息使用更快捷，从而缩短对金融市场的关注时长。一级

33、修饰 In addi ti on._ 1插入语_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _new digital technologies have allo5yed more rapid Ues,（主+谓+宾）I并列宾语句子主干 qui c ker use of i nformati on,|a nd连接的并列宾语and thus shorter attenti on

34、spans介词短语作后置定语，:修饰shc rter atlrnti on spa ns一级修饰 i n Gna nc i a l ma rkets.词汇注释 di gi tal*di d3i tl a.数字的；数据的 rapi d*rapi d a.快速的;瞬间的equi ti es ckw i ti z几股票,普通股 span*span n.持续时间；跨度There seems la b e a predomi nanc e of short-tenn thi nki ng at the expense of long-term i nvesti ng/*sa i d Commi ssi

35、onerDa ni el Ga lla gher of the US Sec uri ti es a nd Exc ha nge Commi ssi on i n a speec h thi s w eek.美国证券交易委员会委员丹尼尔加拉格尔在本周的一次发言中表示:“以牺牲长期投资为代价的短期思维似乎占据f主导地位：二级修饰 at the expense of long-term i nvesti ng,M介词短语作后置定语,修饰shc rt-Snn thi nki ng一级修饰 of short-term thi nki ng介词短语作后置定语.修饰a predc m i na nc e“

36、There seems to b e a predomi nanc e句子主干 直接引语作sa i d的宾语said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher（倒装句：宾+谓+主）I介词短语作后置定语，修饰Cc mmi ssi c nc r Da ni el Ga Ha gherof the US Sec uri ti es a nd Exc ha nge Commi ssi on一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语i n a speec h thi s week.要点注释 本句中,Commi ssi oner为Da ni el Gallagher的前置同位语词汇注释 pred

37、omi nanc e pn dnmma ns n.主导地位 at the expense of 以.为代价i nvest*i n vest v.投资 E 投入（时间、精力等）c ommi ssi oner ka mi janafr）m（委员会的）委员第五段,一O In the US,the Sa rb a nes-Oxley Ac t of 2002 ha s pushed most pub li c c ompa ni es to defer performa nc e Imnuses for seni orexec uti ves b y a b out a year,sli ghtly

38、helpi ng reduc e Mshort-tem）i sm.0 在美国,2002 年出台的 萨班斯奥克斯利法案 已使大多数上市公司将高管人员的绩效奖金推迟了大约一年发放，这对削减“短期效益主义”起到了些许作用。156 一级修饰句子主干一级修饰In the US,介词短语作句子主干的地点状语t h e S a r b a i i e s-O x l e、A c l 2 0 0?h a s j n i s h e d m o s t p u b l i c c o m p a n i e s （主+谓+宾+宾补）动词不定式短语作most puHi mmpani es的补足语jto defer

39、 performa nc e b onuses for seni or exec uti ves现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语”sli ghtly helping reduc e shortTermi sm.”介词短语作时间状语b y alxi ut a yea r.词汇注释 push*poj泥.促使；推动介词短语作后置定语，修饰qui c ker di sc lc sure二级修饰 of stoc k ac qui si ti ons.诃 汇 注 释:tax*talks儿税；税款 code*kaud比法规;法典.disclosure dis kbusC1）1 公开；揭露 stock acq

40、uisition 股票收购 In Fra nc e,shareholders who hold onto a c ompa ny i nvestment for a t lea st two yea rs c a n someti mes earn more voti ngri ghts i n a company.在法国，持股至少两年以上的股东有时在公司可以获得更多表决权。157 defer*drf3：(r)比.推迟；延缓senior*,si：ni a (r)a.级别(或地位)高的 reduce*rrdjuss加.削减;减少，缩小 In i ts la test survey of CEO

41、pay.The Wall Street Journal fi nds tha t Ma substantial pa rt*of exec uti ve pa y i s now tiedloperfb rmai we.华尔街日报 在CEO薪酬情况的最新调杳中发现,如今高管薪酬的“很大一部分”与绩效挂钩。一级修饰 In i ts la test survey of CEO pa y,_ l介词短语作句子主干的状语_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _The Wall Street Journal f i n d s （主+谓+宾从）句子主干 tha t引导的宾语从句，作6n

42、ds的宾语that“a sub sta nti al part“of exec uti ve pa y i s now li ed to ji erfonna nc e.词汇注释 survey，S3：v ci 几调查；总体研究 journal*，d33：nl.日报；杂志substantial*sgb stai njl a.大量的;重大的 tie*t a i 材.(使)紧密相连；(使)关系密切第六段O Muc h more C(JU1(I IM*done to enc oura ge*long-lemi i sm.suc h a s c ha nges i n the tax code a nd

43、 qui c ker disclosure of Stockacquisitions.在鼓励“长期效益主义”方面,我们能做的事情还有很多,比如修改税法和更快披露股票收购信息一级修饰 to enc oura ge long-termi sm,“_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语M u c h m o r e c o u l d b r l u n r （主+谓）T suc h a s.举例说明 Murh moresuch as c ha nges i n the ta x c ode一级修饰|a nd连接并列的名词短语and qui

44、cker disclosure一级修饰 In Fra nc e,_ 介词短语作句子主干的地点状语1 s h are h o ld e rs.an sonuMi i ncs rai n more voti ng Hali ts（主+谓+宾）whc引导的定语从句，修饰sha rehc lderswho hold onto a c ompa ny i nvestment一级修饰二级修饰 f词汇注释 shareholder介词短语作时间状语）r a t lea st two yea rs Jeohaukb（r）.股东介词短语作句子主干的地点状语n a c ompa ny.earn*3：n vt.挣得;

45、赚得介词短语作后置定语，修饰thei r performa nc enot just for the short term二级修饰,not just.b ut连接并列的介词短语but for the long term.158 第七段 Wi thi n c ompa ni es,the ri ght compensation desi gn c a n provi de incentives for exec uti ves to thi nk b eyond thei r own ti mea t the.mpa ny a nd on behalf of all stakeholders.在

46、公司内部,合理的薪酬设计可以激励高管即使不在工作时间也要为公司考虑，为全体股东着想。一级修饰句子主干一级修饰二级修饰Within c ompa ni es,I介词短语作句子主干的状语，表范围t g6曲【eompensaHon deyi gp can i de（主+谓+宾）动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语for exec uti ves to think介词短语作状语J修饰thi nkbeyond thei r own ti me a t the c ompa ny|a nd连接并列的介词短语and on behalf of all sta keholders.要点注释 该句中的for exe

47、c uti ves to thi nk为动词不定式的复合结构，其中介词G)i引出动词不定式短语tothi nk.stakeholders 的逻辑主语 exec uti ves词汇注释 compensation ompen s e i jn 几报酬；补偿金；赔偿 incentive*i n senti v.激励；鼓励on behalf of 为了.的利益 stakeholderslei khaukb(r)几股东;参与方 Bri ta i ns new rule i s a reminder to b a nkers tha t soc i ety ha s a n i nterest i n i

48、 hei r performa nc e,not just for the short Irrmb ul for the long term.英国的新规定提醒银行家们，社会关注着他们的表现，不仅在短期绩效方面,还在长期绩效方面。一级修饰 to bankers_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _介词短语作后一定语，修饰a remi nderB ri tai n s new rule i s a reminder（主+系+表）tha t引导的同位语从句.解释说明a remi nder一级修饰 that soc i ety ha s a n i nterest i n their performance,

49、词汇注释 reminder n mamd3（r）n.提醒人的事物;（告知该做某事的）通知单Text 2 第一 段 C Gradt*inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs（grade-poinl averages）over the past few decades-is oftenconsidered a product of a consumer era in higher education.in which students are treated like customers to bepleased.分数膨胀一过去几十年来平均GPA

50、（平均绩点）的逐渐攀升通常被认为是高等教育消费时代的产物，在这个时代，学生被当作顾客来取悦二级修饰 over the past few decades-介词短语作后置定语，修饰ihe gradual increase一级修饰 一the gradual increase in average GPAs（grade-point averages）插入语，解释说明Grade inflationGrade inflation.is often considered（K+i胃）T Grade inflalion的补足语一级修饰 a product介 词短语作后置定语，修饰a pmducl二级修饰 of