河南大学英语语言学教案.pdf

《河南大学英语语言学教案.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《河南大学英语语言学教案.pdf（72页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、0河南大学教 案20092010学年第一学期;课 程 名 称英语语言学院（部）外语学院教研室英语系第三教研室6授 课 班 级2006级英语专业主 讲 教 师刘辰诞职 称教授使 用 教 材新编语言学教程o河南大学教务处制二OO九年九月教 案（首页）程称课名英语语言学总计：3 6 学时程别课类专业必修课学分2讲课：3 6 学时实验：0 学时上机：Q_学时课师任教刘辰诞职称教授课象授对专业班级：英语专业2006级要参考资料基本教材和主基 本 教 材：刘润清文旭，2 0 0 6,新编语言学教程，北京：外语教学与研究出版社参 考 资 料:1 -Fromkin,et al,2003,Introductio

2、n to Language,Mass.:Thomson.2.Hudson,1989,Invitation to Linguistics,Oxford:Blackwell.4.Lyons,J.Language and Linguistics,Cambridge:CUP.5.Poole,2000,An Introduction to Linguistics,Beijing:Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press.6.胡壮麟，2 0 0 1,语言学教程，北京：北京大学出版社7.张克定，1 9 9 1,英语语言学导论，郑州：河南人民出版社8.杨信彰，20

3、05,语言学概论，北京：高等教育出版社和要求教学目的“语言学”课程的教学要求学生基本掌握语言学的基本知识，激发学生对语言学学习的兴趣，启发学生对语言问题的额思考-，培养学生的创新意识，为学生分析、解决语言问题打下良好的基础，使其具备从事语言学研究及相关问题研究的初步能力。学重点及难占小本课程重点为：语言的基本特征、语音和音位学、形态学和句法学、语义学、语用学和语篇分析领域的有关概念和理论。难点在于语言学内容比较抽象，增加了讲授和理解的难度，这就要求教师在内容选择、先后编排、课堂讲解等方面精心安排、仔细讲解、深入浅出，并尽可能地使比较抽象的内容生动有趣，便于学生接受、理解和掌握。教师在讲授的时候

4、一般采用图表、练习和实际应用分析的方式、偶尔也使用逻辑学上的真价值条件、日常生活的事例以及数学中拓扑图形的方式来进行讲解。英语语言学 课程教案课后小结：总结本次课程的重要概念课次1-3授课方式（请打J）理论课（含实践）目讨论课口实验课口习题课口其他课时安排3授课题目：内容简介教学目的、要求：使学生初步了解有关语言学和语言的基本概念教学重点及难点：语言学的研究范围和语言的特性教 学 基 本 内 容方法及手段1 What is linguistics?2 The scope of linguistics3 Some important distinction in linguistics.4 De

5、sign features of language举例讲解/课堂讨论作业、讨论题、思考题：1.Why is language defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication?2.What are the main design features of human language?3.Whats the difference between F.de Saussures terms langue and parole?1 What is linguistics?1.1 DefinitionLi

6、nguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.1.2 The scope of linguisticsPhonetics:the study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication.Phonology:the study of how sounds are put together and used in communication.Morphology:the study of the way in which morphemes are

7、 arranged to form words.Syntax:the study of how morphemes and word are combined to form sentences.Semantics:the study of meaning in language.Pragmatics:the study of meaning in context of use.Sociolinguistics:the study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguistics:the study of language with

8、 reference to the workings of mind.Applied linguistics:the study of language application in definite fields.Other related branches include anthropological linguistics,neurological linguistics,mathematical linguistics,and computational linguistics.1.3 Some important distinction in linguistics.1.3.1 P

9、rescriptive vs.DescriptiveIf a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct behavior,i.e.,to tell peoplewhat they should say and what they should not say,it is said to be prescriptive;if alinguistic study describe and analyzes the language people actually use,it is said to bedescriptive.1.3.2

10、 Synchronic vs.DiachronicThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study;adiachronic study of language is a historical study;it studies the historicaldevelopment of language over a period of time,for example,a study of the changesEnglish has undergone since Shakespeare time

11、 would be a diachronic study.1.3.3 Speech and WritingModern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary,but not thewritten form,because the spoken form is prior to the written form and most writingsystems are derived form the spoken form of language.1.3.4 Langue and Parole.Langue refe

12、rs to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity,and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.1.3.5 Competence and performance.Competence was proposed by the American linguist N.Chomsky in the late 1950*s indistinction with performance,it refers to

13、the ideal users knowledge of the rules of hislanguage,according to Chomsky,a speaker has internalized a set of rules about hislanguage,this enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number ofsentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous andperformance the act

14、ual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 What is language?2.1 Definitions of language.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.2 Design featuresDesign features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish itfrom any

15、animal system of communication.By comparing language with animalcommunication systems,we can have a better understanding of the nature of language.The design features proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett includearbitrariness,productivity,duality,displacement,cultural transmission etc.1)

16、ArbitrarinessThe arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection betweenmeanings and sounds.The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication andit makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.This definition has captured the main feat

17、ures of language.First of all,language is asystem,i.e.,elements of language are combined according to rules.If language werenot constructed according t o certain rules,it could not be learned or used consistently.Second,language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between

18、a word and the thing we use to write with.The fact that different languages havedifferent words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature oflanguage.Third,language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for alllanguages,no matter how well developed their writing system

19、s are.All evidencepoints to the fact that writing systems came into being much later than the spokenforms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper.Finally,the term human in the definition is meant to specify that language ishuman-specific,i.e.,it is very different from

20、the communication systems other formsof life possess,such as bird songs and bee dance.2)ProductivityLanguage is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation ofnew signals by its users.3)DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system,which consists o

21、f twosets of structure,or two levels,one of sounds and the other of meanings.4)DisplacementIt means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present,real or imagined matters in the past,present,or future,or in far-away places.5)Cultural transmission3 Several questions1.W

22、hy is language defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication?Short as it is,this definition has captured the main features of language.First of all,language is a system,ie,elements of language are combined according to rules.Iflanguage were not constructed according t o

23、certain rules,it could not be learned orused consistently.Second,language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsicconnection between a word and the thing we use to write with.The fact that differentlanguages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of thearbitrary

24、nature of language.Third,language is vocal because the primary medium issound for all languages,no matter how well developed their writing systems are.Allevidence points to the fact that writing systems came into being much later than thespoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds

25、 and meaning on paper.Finally,the term human in the definition is meant to specify that language ishuman-specific,i.e.,it is very different from the communication systems other formsof life possess,such as bird songs and bee dance.2.What are the main design features of human language?There are many

26、defining properties of human language that distinguish it from anyanimal system of communication,here only few to mention:arbitrariness means thatthere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds;this nature enableslanguage to have an unlimited source of expressions.Productivity makes its u

27、serspossible to construct and interpret any new signals,by means of which they canproduce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences,including sentencesthey have never heard before.Duality means language consists of two sets ofstructures,or two levels;at the lower or the basic level ther

28、e is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless,but they can be grouped and regrouped into a large number ofunits of meaning such as morphemes and words,which are found at the higher levelof the system.Displacement designates that language users may refer to things whichare present or not present,r

29、ealer imagined matters in the past,present,or future,or infar-away places.At last,cultural transmission implies that language is culturallytransmitted.3.Whats the difference between F.de Saussure9s terms langue and parole?Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a

30、 speechcommunity,and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Langue is theset of conventions and rules which langue users all have to abide by,and parole is theconcrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.Langue is abstract;itis not the language people actually u

31、se.Parole is concrete;it refers to the naturallyoccurring language events.Langue is relatively stable;it does not change frequently;while parole varies from person to person,and from situation to situation.英语语言学 课程教案课后小结：总结本次课程的重要概念课次4-7授课方式（请 打J）理论课（含实践）目讨论课口实验课口习题课口其他课时安排4授课题目：语音和音位学教学目的、要求：使学生掌握有

32、关语音和音位学的基本概念教学重点及难点：英语的发音方式和英语音标的分类教 学 基 本 内 容方法及手段1 What is phonetics?2 Classification of English speech sounds3 Phone,phoneme and allophone4 Phonemic contrast,complementary distribution,and minimalpair5 Some rules in Phonology6 Suprasegmental features-stress,tone,intonation举例讲解/课堂讨论作业、讨论题、思考题：1.Wh

33、y is English very particular about three-consonant clusters at the beginning of aword,give ten words which do not violate any of the three conditions of the rule.2.Distinguish with examples among phones,phoneme and allophones.3.According to the general principles guiding the formation of the English

34、 consonantclusters,if the initial consonant isa)/n/or/z/or/r/or/1/b)/t/or/p/or/k/What sounds cannot follow as the second consonant?why?1 The phonetic medium of language2 Phonetics2.1 What is phonetics?Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language;it is concernedwith all the soun

35、ds that occur in the worlds languages,there are three branches ofphonetics,which are articulatory phonetics,auditory phonetics and acousticphonetics.2.2 Organs of speech2.2.1 The pharyngeal cavity2.2.2 The oral cavity2.2.3 The nasal cavity2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds-broad and na

36、rrowtranscriptionsThe transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbook is broadtranscription.Narrow transcription refers to the transcription with the help of thediacritics,so that they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it isnecessary for the purpose of the pho

37、neticians*research work.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds2.4.1 Classification of English consonantsAccording to manner of articulation,the English consonants can be classified intostops,fricatives,affricatives,liquids,nasals and glides.According to place of articulation,they can be classif

38、ied into bilabial,labiodental,dental,and alveolar,palatal,velar and glottal.2.4.2 Classification of English vowelsAccording to place of articulation,they can be classified into front vowels,centralvowels and back vowels.According to how wide the mouth is opened,vowels are classified into four groups

39、:close vowels,semi-close vowels,semi-open vowels and open vowels.The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are all lax vowels.Monophthongs and diphthongs.3.Phonology3.1 Phonology and phoneticsPhonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds though they have differentemphasises.3.

40、2 Phone,phoneme and allophonePhones are the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.It dose notnecessarily distinguish meaning.A phoneme is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophon

41、es of that phoneme.3.3 Phonemic contrast,complementary distribution,and minimal pairPhonetic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes.Complementary distribution is two allophones of the same phonemes.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one wound segmentwhich oc

42、curs in the same place in the strings,the two words are a minimal pair.3.4 Some rules in Phonology3.4.1 Sequential rulesSequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particularlanguage.3.4.2 Assimilation rulesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“copyi

43、ng“a feature of asequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.3.4.3 Deletion ruleIt tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.3.5 Suprasegmental features-stress,tone,intonationThe phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are calle

44、dsuprasegmental features3.5.1 StressWord stress and sentence stress.3.5.2 ToneTones are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of thevocal cord3.5.3 IntonationWhen pitch,stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation,they are collecti

45、vely known as intonation.4 Several Questions1.Why is English very particular about three-consonant clusters at the beginning of aword,give ten words which do not violate any of the three conditions of the rule.the possible three-consonant clusters at the beginning of a word must follow thefollowing

46、rule:the first phoneme must be/s/,the second must be a voiceless stopsuch as/p/or/t/or/k/,and the third must probably be a liquid such as/1/or/r/or/w/.forexample,spring,splash,straight,scramble,spurious,squirrel,squad,squalid,spread,squeeze.2.Distinguish with examples among phones,phoneme and alloph

47、ones.All the speech sounds we use when speaking a language are phones,a phone is aphonetic unit or segment,it does not necessarily distinguish meaning:some do,somedont,for example,sand ftdo,as in si:m and while t and th dont,asin sthCp and stCp.Both phones and allophones are represented as phones in

48、 aphonetic system,to be exact,a phoneme is not a sound,it is a collection of distinctivephonetic features of distinctive value,in one word,it is an abstract unit.(Conventionally phones are placed within square brackets and phonemes inslashes.),The different phones which can represent phoneme in diff

49、erent phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of that phoneme,for example thephoneme/l/in English can be realized as either a dark one or a clear one.3.According to the general principles guiding the formation of the English consonantclusters,if the initial consonant isa)/n/or/z/or/r/or/1/b)/

50、t/or/p/or/k/What sounds cannot follow as the second consonant?why?according to the sequential rule about the three-consonant clusters in the Englishlangue,as for the case A,the second must not be a stop/a sibilant/an affricate/a liquid/a nasal;as for case B,the second must not be another stop,for th