自然语言元语言理论的翻译观毕业论文.doc

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1、南京邮电大学通达学院2010届本科生毕业论文毕 业 论 文 题 目：自然语义元语言理论的翻译观IIAcknowledgmentFirst, Id like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Li Jiongying. He has vast professional knowledge and experience, rigorous attitudes, excelsior work style and approachable charisma. In this paper, from the selecti

2、on of subjects to finish, my supervisor has devoted a lot of efforts.Without the help of my teachers, my classmates and my friends, I cant complete this paper. Thanks to my foreign language teachers, Mr. Tao Lichun, Mr. Jia Guangmao and so on, they also help a lot. During my four years of study, I a

3、lso receive help from Li Yangyang, Pei Hong, Qian Jia Jun, Ruan Xiaowei and Zhang Tingting. They are my friends and classmates. Without their help and support, there is no way to finish my paper. I wish the friendship between classmates would be unchanging forever.Finally, I want to thank my parents

4、. They not only cultivate my interest in traditional Chinese culture, but also provide great support and help for me. In the coming days, I will study hard and work hard to repay them!AbstractRepresented by Anna Wierzbicka, Poland semantic school is one of the most influential schools in the researc

5、h field of contemporary natural semantic metalanguage (NSM). It opens up broad prospects for the study of language, thought and cultural study. NSM theory, which is founded by Poland semantic school, is a new paradigm in contemporary semantics with a philosophy foundation of rationalism. It has now

6、become a contemporary semantic analysis system, which is based on demonstration. In NSM theory, the common words can only be regarded as semantic primes on the condition of translatability and undefinition. These semantic primes constitute a limited system of semantic representation. In order to des

7、cribe things clearly, the system of semantic representation should have the characteristic of equality. In other words, the core of human language should have the characteristic of “translatability”. NSM theory claims that each semantic prime can be translated into another language, and it will not

8、increase or decrease its meaning. For NSM theory, any challenge to semantic primes is extremely serious. Wierzbicka believes that the semantic prime system is a hypothetical system, which is related to the basic characteristics of human language and perception. Therefore, the extraction of semantic

9、primes must be based on intensive field investigations and cross-language empirical research.This paper reviews the theoretical studies of NSM theory and pays more attention to the philosophical foundation of NSM theory, translatability of NSM theory, extraction of semantic primes and the applicatio

10、n of semantic primes. Meanwhile, it talks about the great significance and limitations in the aspect of translatability.Key Words: Natural Semantic Metalanguage; semantic primes; translatability; reductive paraphrase 毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中特别加

11、以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得 及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。作 者 签 名： 日 期： 指导教师签名： 日期： 使用授权说明本人完全了解 大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。作者签名： 日 期： 学

12、位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权 大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论

13、文。涉密论文按学校规定处理。作者签名：日期： 年 月 日导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日注 意 事 项1.设计（论文）的内容包括：1）封面（按教务处制定的标准封面格式制作）2）原创性声明3）中文摘要（300字左右）、关键词4）外文摘要、关键词 5）目次页（附件不统一编入）6）论文主体部分：引言（或绪论）、正文、结论7）参考文献8）致谢9）附录（对论文支持必要时）2.论文字数要求：理工类设计（论文）正文字数不少于1万字（不包括图纸、程序清单等），文科类论文正文字数不少于1.2万字。3.附件包括：任务书、开题报告、外文译文、译文原文（复印件）。4.文字、图表要求：1）文字通顺，语言流畅，书写字迹工整

14、，打印字体及大小符合要求，无错别字，不准请他人代写2）工程设计类题目的图纸，要求部分用尺规绘制，部分用计算机绘制，所有图纸应符合国家技术标准规范。图表整洁，布局合理，文字注释必须使用工程字书写，不准用徒手画3）毕业论文须用A4单面打印，论文50页以上的双面打印4）图表应绘制于无格子的页面上5）软件工程类课题应有程序清单，并提供电子文档5.装订顺序1）设计（论文）2）附件：按照任务书、开题报告、外文译文、译文原文（复印件）次序装订指导教师评阅书指导教师评价：一、撰写（设计）过程1、学生在论文（设计）过程中的治学态度、工作精神 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、学生掌握专业知识、技能的扎实程度 优 良

15、中 及格 不及格3、学生综合运用所学知识和专业技能分析和解决问题的能力 优 良 中 及格 不及格4、研究方法的科学性；技术线路的可行性；设计方案的合理性 优 良 中 及格 不及格5、完成毕业论文（设计）期间的出勤情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）

16、所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格建议成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）指导教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日评阅教师评阅书评阅教师评价：一、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格建议成绩： 优 良

17、中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）评阅教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日教研室（或答辩小组）及教学系意见教研室（或答辩小组）评价：一、答辩过程1、毕业论文（设计）的基本要点和见解的叙述情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、对答辩问题的反应、理解、表达情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、学生答辩过程中的精神状态 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良

18、中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格评定成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格教研室主任（或答辩小组组长）： （签名）年 月 日教学系意见：系主任： （签名）年 月 日摘要以安娜威尔兹彼卡为代表的波兰语义学派是当今国际自然语义元语言研究领域最具影响的学派之一，为语言、思维和文化研究开辟了广阔前景。波兰语义学派创立的“自然语义元语言”（NSM）理论是当代语义学中的一种新范式，具有理性主义哲学基础，现已成为当代语言学中以实证为基础的语义分析体系。在NSM理论中，只有那些不可界定的、能够普遍互译

19、的日常词语才能被确定为语义基元。这些语义基元构成了语言的有限语义表达系统。为使语义得以精确描写，这种语义表达系统在所有语言中应是对等的，即人类语言的义核应具有“通译性”。NSM理论声称，每一个语义基元都可以翻译成任何一种语言，其意义却丝毫不会增加或损失。对NSM理论而言，任何构成对语义基元系统的通译性的挑战都是极为严重的。Wierzbicka 认为，语义基元系统是一个有关人类语言和认知的基本性质的假设系统，因此，语义基元的提取必须建立在对各种语系和结构类型的语言做深入细致的田野调查和跨语言实证研究基础之上。本文将在回顾自然语义元语言理论研究成果的基础上，重点探讨自然语义元语言理论的理性主义哲学

20、基础，语义基元的提取方法及其在化简释义中的应用，探索自然语义元语言理论的“通译性”翻译观。并对该理论对通译性思想方面探讨其局限性和重大意义。关键词：自然语义元语言；通译性；语义基元；化简释义ContentsAcknowledgment.Abstract (English).Abstract (Chinese).Chapter 1 Introduction.1 1.1 Research Background .1 1.2 Significance of the Research .2 1.2.1 Significance in Translation .2 1.2.2 Significance

21、in Foreign Language Teaching 2 1.2.3 Significance in Lexicography 3 1.3 Purpose of the Research .3 1.4 Layout of the Paper .4Chapter 2 Literature Review.5 2.1 Related Terms .52.1.1 Natural Semantic Metalanguage 52.1.2 Semantic Core 52.1.3 Semantic Prime .52.1.4 Reductive Paraphrase .6 2.2 Studies on

22、 NSM Abroad .6 2.3 Studies on NSM at Home.8 2.4 Summary .9Chapter 3 The Translatability View of NSM Theory.10 3.1 The Philosophical Foundation of NSM Theory.10 3.2 Translatability view.11 3.3 Extraction of Semantic Primes.12 3.4 The Application of Semantic Primes in Reductive Paraphrase.13 3.5 Limit

23、ation of NSM Theory .14 3.6 Summary 16 Chapter 4 Conclusion.17 4.1 Major findings .17 4.2 Implications of the Research17 4.3 Limitations of the Research.17 4.4 Suggestions for further Research.18Bibliography.1920On the Translatability View of NSM TheoryChapter 1 Introduction NSM theory has been deve

24、loped primarily by Anna Wierzbicka (Wierzbicka, 1996) and Cliff Goddard (Goddard, 1998). The primary focus of NSM is to identify a set of semantic primes which Wierzbicka and others claimed are innate. NSM theorists have proposed a table of fundamental concepts which they believed is both innate and

25、 indefinable, and they have also proposed a grammar that describes how these primitive concepts may be combined into propositions. 1.1 Research BackgroundAfter the Renaissance in 17th century, the new route to Asia and America had been opened up. People are no longer limited to trade with their fell

26、ow countrymen; they had access to trade with people who came from other countries. This was, of course, a good phenomenon, but one question was that how to communicate with people from different countries? Language barrier was becoming a more and more remarkable problem which confused many people at

27、 that time. With the rapid development of science and the fast exploration of knowledge, scientists held the view that Latin was no longer meet the need to make demands clearly and accurately. Latin should be instead by another language, which was considered as a universal logical language.The emerg

28、ence of Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory dealt with the dilemma. Anna Wierzbicka came up with Natural Semantic Metalanguage Model in the 1970s. And this new model was proposed in order to avoid making mistakes with meanings and differences between cultures. Since then, Wierzbicka and her colleag

29、ues have devoted themselves to the pursuit of finding semantic primitives in all kinds of languages. In the 1970s, they only found fourteen semantic primes. From 1980s to 1990s, the semantic primes have been added to sixty. Therefore, this period was quite important to the development of NSM theory.

30、 As a modern semantic theory, NSM Theory is considered to be an ideal tool of reflecting and analyzing specific culture and words.1.2 Significance of the Research This research reviews the achievements of natural semantic metalanguage theory. It gives a brief introduction to some related terms and f

31、ocuses on the philosophy of rationalism, the ways to extract semantic primes and its applications to reductive paraphrase in NSM theory. NSM theory avoids some tricky and common problems, thus plays an increasing significant role in pragmatics. The introduction and analysis in this paper will lead y

32、ou into the field of NSM theory. 1.2.1 Significance in TranslationUsing a series of simple words to describe the facts neutrally and expressing the complex minds in the most basic way are the characteristics of NSM theory. Therefore, Goddard once called NSM “reductive paraphrase”. Reductive paraphra

33、se is able to avoid a lot of problems, which cant be solved by other methods. NSM theory has included two principles, which have proven quite helpful to translation. Using semantically simple lexemes rather than semantically complex lexemes will reduce the complexity of the translation task in the c

34、ase of translating a file. This follows from the fact that texts comprised solely of the NSM primes are translatable into each language without distortion. Semantically simple lexemes can be identified in a principled manner using the same procedure that NSM theorists used to identify their primes.

35、A fundamental principle of NSM states that the word of each language may be defined using just the innate primes. From this principle a guideline may be derived for identifying semantically simple lexemes: lexemes which are frequently used in the definitions of other lexemes may be considered semant

36、ically simple. Because words should always be defined using simpler words, words that appear frequently in definitions may be categorized as semantically simple; words that appear infrequently in definitions should be considered complex. 1.2.2 Significance in Foreign Language TeachingCommunications

37、between teachers and students thread through the entire process of foreign language learning. In another word, this kind of communication is not only a teaching method, but also a purpose of teaching. Metalanguage does not only focus on the explanation of language elements, it has positive effects o

38、n the interaction between the teacher and the student. Moreover, it does good to correct the language errors when people are communicating with others. Thus, people can know that one can carry the point of metalanguage by the help of many teaching tactics. As a tool for communication, metalanguage h

39、as dual characters. On one hand, it plays an important role in the communication between the teacher and the student. On the other hand, it has the function to help the student to understand a word, a linguistic phenomenon and a certain kind of language rule.Poland Semantic School, which is represen

40、ted by Wierzbicka, has put forward a clear, intuitionistic, validated depict method. This method is called NSM Theory. NSM Theory expands our horizon in the fields of language, thinking and cultural research. In the process of foreign language learning, it is easier for people to choose vocabulary w

41、ith the help of NSM Theory. In the process of cross-cultural communication, the theory reveals the definition of cultural script, which can lay the foundation for cross-cultural semantics.1.2.3 Significance in LexicographyAs a new paradigm in contemporary semantics, NSM Theory began in the early 1970s (Wierzbicka, 1972). At that time, Wierzbicka developed NSM Theory framework preliminarily. She proposed 14 non-arbitrary comm