情态动词10条学习要点“could have 过去分词”用法全面归纳讲义-高考英语语法复习 .docx

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1、高中英语语法：情态动词10条学习要点“could+have+过去分词”用法全面归纳有关情态动词的10条学习要点1.弄清基本语法特点情态动词就是表示说话的语气或情态的动词。常见的情态动词有can, may,must, need, dare, shall, will, should, ought to, have to, used to, had better, would rather等。情态动词具有以下3个特点：(1)情态动词后面接动词原形并与动词原形一起构成谓语。(2)情态动词虽有时态的变化，但却没有人称和数的变化，即情态动词不会因为主语的人称或单复数的不同而用不同的形式。(3)变为疑问句或

2、否定句时不需要助动词，而是将情态动词移至主语前变为疑问句，直接在情态动词后加not，构成否定句。2.弄清表示能力的can / could和be able to的用法(1)can表示具有某种能力或技能，意为“能，会”。如：Who can answer this question?谁能回答这个问题？(2)can的过去式为could，但它通常只表示过去一般性能力，不表示过去特定场合下的能力，遇此情况要用was were able to。如：I could run faster then.我那时能跑得更快一些。They were able to jump into the sea before the

3、 boat was blown up.他们在船爆之前跳入海里。3.弄清表示许可的can / could / may / might / must的用法can / could / may / might均可表示许可，只不过may较侧重讲话人的许可，而can较侧重客观情况的许可；could / might的语气比can / may更委婉、客气；在答语中表示允许别人做某事要can / may，不能用could / might。如： Could Can, May, Might I use it?我可以借用它吗? Yes, you can may.可以。（不用could / might）must表示必须

4、作某事，其否定式mustnt表示“不可以”。如：Wemustnot speak of it again.我们再也不要谈这事了。4.弄清表推测的can / may / could / might / should / must的用法(1)从所用句型来看：can用于否定句和疑问句，may用于肯定句和否定式，两者均可用于否定句，但是含义不同(cannot=不可能，may not=可能不)；could, might和should可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句；must表示推测通常只用于肯定句。如：She cant be in the office now.她现在不可能在办公室。She may not b

5、e free tonight.她今晚可能没空。He may might come tonight.他今晚可能会来。Might he know this?他会知道这事吗?(2)从语气上看，can / may / could / might的语气较不确定，尤其是might, could，其意很不肯定；should表示推测时，其语气比较肯定，它通常指非常可能的事，并暗示其推测有一定的事实依据或者合乎常理；must表示推测的语气最肯定。注意有时高考也会对这种语气上的差异命题，如下面这道高考题：“When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow a

6、fternoon.” “They_be ready by 12:00.”A.can B.should C.might D.need在四个选项中，首先可排除A和D，因为它们通常不用肯定句中；而B和C均可用于肯定句表示推测，但根据句意：顾客下午要照片，此时店主显然应用语气较肯定的should，而不宜用语气很不肯定的might，否则顾客是不会满意的。5.弄清shall与will的用法(1)shall除用于第一人称表示单纯将来外，还可用于陈述句第二、三人称,表示说话者的意图、警告、命令、决心等。如：You shall have an answer by tomorrow.到明天你可以得到答复。He s

7、hall have a bicycle for his birthday.他可以得到一辆自行车作为生日礼物。(2)will可以表示习惯和倾向性，意为“惯于,老是,终归是”如：The door wont open.这门打不开。Matches will not strike if they are damp.火柴潮湿就擦不着。(3)Shall I (we)?可用于征求意见等，Will you?可用于表示请求或邀请等。如：Shall I turn on the light?要不要把灯打开?Will you join us for dinner?你可否和我们一道去吃晚饭?6.弄清must表示“偏偏”的

8、用法情态动词must有时可以表示固执、偏激或碰巧，通常可译为“偏偏”。如：After I gave her my advice, she must go and do the opposite.在我给她出主意之后她偏反着干。The car must break down just we were starting our holidays.我们刚刚开始休假，汽车偏偏坏了。7.need和dare的用法要点need和dare可用作实义动词和情态动词，用作实义动词时，后接动词要用不定式，有人称和数的变化，可用肯定句、否定句和疑问句；用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，没有人称和数的变化，后接动

9、词要用动词原形。如：You need not payit is free.你不必付钱，这是免费的。We need to have lots of patience.我们需要有很大的耐心。Who would dare to tell him?谁会敢告诉他?He dared not go there at night.晚上他不敢到那里去。How dare you ask me such a question?你怎么敢问我这样的问题?注：need表示“需要”，其后可接动名词，且要用主动形式表示被动意义。如：The room needs cleaning.这房间需要打扫了。8.弄清“情态动词+完成式”

10、的用法(1)must + have done：用于肯定句，表示推测，意为“一定(已经)”。(2)can + have done：用于否定句或疑问句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)”。(3)could + have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句，表示推测、责备或遗憾等，意为“可能”“本来可以”“本来应该”等。(4)should ought to + have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句，表示责备或遗憾等，意为“本来应该”。(5)need + have done：用于否定句或疑问句，用于否定时意为“本来不必”，用于疑问句时意为“有必要吗”。(6)may + have done：

11、用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)”。(7)might + have done：用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)(此时might可换为may)；另外还可以表示过去可能发生的事结果未发生，意为“本来会”(此时might不能换为may)。He cant have left so soon.他不可能走得这么早。I should have thought of it.我本应想到这一点的。You neednt have mentioned it.你没有必要提及此事的。You must have mistaken my intention.你一定是误会了我的意图。I migh

12、t have come to a wrong conclusion.我或许得出了错误的结论。You could have helped mewhy did you just sit and watch?你本可帮助我的，为什么只坐在一旁瞧着?9.弄清“情态动词+进行式”的用法这类结构主要用于对一个正在进行的动作进行推测、责备、描述等。如：He might be waiting for you.他可能在等你。You should be wearing your sunglasses.你应当戴着你的太阳镜。He must be joking, or else hes mad.他一定在说笑话，要不就是

13、疯了。10.弄清may might as well和may might well的用法(1)may might as well可用来提出建议等，可译为“不妨”(用might时口气更委婉一些)。如：Catherine, you may as well come too.凯瑟琳，你不妨也去。If thats the case, I may as well try.如果情况如此，我不妨试一试。(2)may might well可表示比较有把握的推测，意为“很可能”。如：You might well be right.你很可能是对的。“could+have+过去分词”用法全面归纳(10种用法)一、表示

14、主观猜测即对已经发生动作或已经存在的状态作出主观上的猜测，通常可译为“可能(已经)”，有时需根据具体语境来翻译。如:We could not have heard them because of the noise from the river.由于有河水声我们不能听见他们的话。Tom could have taken the money; he was here alone yesterday.有可能是汤姆把钱拿走了，昨天他单独一个人在这里呆过。We knew he couldnt have paid for it. because he had no money 我们知道不可能是他付了这笔

15、钱，因为他没钱。【说明】该用法也可将could换成can，但这只限干否定句和疑问句，因为can表推测时不用干肯定句(而could可以用于肯定句)。如:Can he have left already?他会已经离开了吗?They cant have gone out because the lights on.他们不可能出去了，因为灯还亮着。二、表示未曾实现的能力即表示过去本来有能力可以做某事的，但实际上没有那样去做，诵常译为“本来可以”“本来能够”等。如:The worst of it is that I could have prevented the accident. 最糟糕的是我本来可

16、以防止这次事故的。We could have got in for nothing-nobody was collecting tickets. 我们本可以不买票就进去一一根本没人收票。I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes. 我本可以轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。有时用于反语。如:Youve broken my pen-thanks for nothing, I could have done that for myself. 你把我的笔给弄坏了一-你得了吧，就那我自

17、己也会弄。三、表示未曾实现的可能性即表示过去本来可能发生的情况，而实际上没有发生，通常译为“本来可以”“本来可能”等。如:She could have been seriously injured.她本来可能伤得很重的。Its difficult enough. but it could have been worse.这事情够困难的了，本来可能会更糟呢。有时也可根据语境译为“好在没有”“差点”，尤其是当谈论的是“不好”的情况时。如:She felt miserable. She could have cried.她感到很痛苦，她差点哭了。That was a bad place to go

18、skiing-you could have broken your leg.那不是一个滑雪的好地方，好在你没有把腿给摔断。Why did you throw the bottle out of the window? Somebody could have been hurt. 你为什么把瓶子扔出窗外呢?好在没有砸伤人。They were lucky-they could have been killed.他们很幸运，差点被打死了。Did you see him fall? He could have killed himself你看见他摔倒了吗?他差点摔死了。有时需要有比较灵活的翻译:Whe

19、n I discovered Id come for the appointment on the wrong day, I could have kicked myself. 我来赴约发现把日期弄错了，感到非常懊恼。四、表示未曾实现的想法即表示过去本来有做某事的打算或意图，但实际上没有实现，通常译为“本来可以”。如:I could have lent you the money. Why didnt you ask me? 我本来可以借这生钱给你的。你为什么不向我提出?I could have given you some hints. but I suppose you thought y

20、ourself too grand. 我本可以给你点提示的，但是我认为你太自负了五、表示未曾实现的选择即表示过去本来可以有机会选择做某事，但实际上没有那样做，通常译为“本来可以”。如:Her husband could have told her. but he did not choose to.她丈夫本来可以告诉她的，但他不想这样做。I could have lent you the money. Why didnt you ask me?我本来可以借这笔钱给你的，你为什么不向我提出了You neednt have typed it twice. You could have used a

21、 carbon.你没必要打两遍的，你当时本可以用复写纸打。You neednt have walked up; you could have taken the lin. 你没必要走着上去，你本来可以乘电梯的。六、表示批评或责备即表示过去本来有责任或义务应该做某事的，但实际上却没有做成，含有批评和责备的意味，通常译为“本来应该”“本来可以”等。如:You could have started a little earlier.你本可早点动身的。You could have helped me-why did you just sit and watch?你本来可以帮我一把嘛一-为什么你只是坐在

22、那儿观望呢?I am disappointed that you didnt tell me. You could have told me. 你没告诉我，我感到很失望，你本来应该告诉我的。You could have let me know you were going out tonight. 你本来可以告诉我你今晚是要出去的。七、表示达到极限表示即使人们尽力而为去做某事，但还是未能做成，通常用于否定句。如:I couldnt have won, so I didnt go in for the race.反正我也赢不了，所以我就没有参加赛跑。I couldnt have enjoyed

23、myself more-it was a perfect day. 我玩得没法再痛快了-这一天简直痛快极了。八、表示惊讶表示对所发生的情况感到惊奇，含有“竟然”的意味。如:It seems inconceivable that the accident could have happened so quickly.这一事故发生得这么快，简直不可思议。Well, Im bowed! I should never have thought you could have done it.真想不到!我从未想到居然办得到。九、用于虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中，当谈论过去的情况时，其句型通常是:主句用“coul

24、d/would/should/might +have+过去分词”，从句用过去完成时。如:If I hadnt warned you, you could have been killed.我如不是警告了你，你就可能丧命了。If you had come sooner, you could have helped us. 你如早来一点，就会帮上我们了。If he had known the facts, he could have told us what to do.如果他了解事实，他是可能告诉我们怎样做的。If anybody had asked me, I could have told them what happened.如果有谁问过我，我可以告诉他们发生了什么情况。十、用于口语惯用表达可用干某些口语惯用表达，如用干I could have snow，其意是“我可以发哲”“我千直万确”。如:I could have sworn Id paid that bill.我可以发誓我付过账。I could have sworn I heard a knock at the door.我干直万确听到了敲门声。学科网（北京）股份有限公司