曼昆微观经济学英文.pptx
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1、会计学1曼昆微观经济学英文曼昆微观经济学英文1 INTRODUCTION第1页/共30页1Ten Principles of Economics第2页/共30页Economy.The word economy comes from a Greek word for“one who manages a household.”第3页/共30页TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSn nA household and an economy face many decisions:n nWho will work?Who will work?n nWhat goods and how
2、many of them should be What goods and how many of them should be produced?produced?n nWhat resources should be used in production?What resources should be used in production?n nAt what price should the goods be sold?At what price should the goods be sold?第4页/共30页TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSSociety an
3、d Scarce Resources:n nThe management of societys The management of societys resources is important because resources is important because resources are scarce.resources are scarce.n nScarcityScarcity.means that society has.means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot limited resourc
4、es and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services produce all the goods and services people wish to have.people wish to have.第5页/共30页TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSEconomics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.第6页/共30页TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS n nHow people make decisions
5、.n nPeople face tradeoffs.People face tradeoffs.n nThe cost of something is what you give up to get it.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.n nRational people think at the margin.Rational people think at the margin.n nPeople respond to incentives.People respond to incentives.第7页/共30页T
6、EN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS n nHow people interact with each other.n nTrade can make everyone better off.Trade can make everyone better off.n nMarkets are usually a good way to organize Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.economic activity.n nGovernments can sometimes improve
7、 economic Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.outcomes.第8页/共30页TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS n nThe forces and trends that affect how the economy as a whole works.n nThe standard of living depends on a countrys The standard of living depends on a countrys production.production.n nPrice
8、s rise when the government prints too much Prices rise when the government prints too much money.money.n nSociety faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.and unemployment.第9页/共30页Principle#1:People Face Tradeoffs.Principle#1:
9、People Face Tradeoffs.“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”第10页/共30页Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.Principle#1:People Face Tradeoffs.Principle#1:People Face Tradeoffs.To get one thing,we usually have to give up another thing.n nGuns v.butterGuns v.buttern nFood v.
10、clothingFood v.clothingn nLeisure time v.workLeisure time v.workn nEfficiency v.equityEfficiency v.equity第11页/共30页Principle#1:People Face TradeoffsPrinciple#1:People Face Tradeoffsn nEfficiency v.Equityn nEfficiencyEfficiency means society gets the most that it can means society gets the most that i
11、t can from its scarce resources.from its scarce resources.n nEquityEquity means the benefits of those resources are means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.distributed fairly among the members of society.第12页/共30页Principle#2:The Cost of Something Is
12、What You Give Up to Principle#2:The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.Get It.n nDecisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives.n nWhether to go to college or to work?Whether to go to college or to work?n nWhether to study or go out on a date?Whether to study or go out o
13、n a date?n nWhether to go to class or sleep in?Whether to go to class or sleep in?n nThe opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.第13页/共30页Principle#2:The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Principle#2:The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.Get It.LA Lak
14、er basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dollars.第14页/共30页People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.Principle#3:Rational People Think at the Margin.Principle#3:Rational People Think at
15、the Margin.n nMarginal changes are small,incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.第15页/共30页Principle#4:People Respond to Incentives.Principle#4:People Respond to Incentives.n nMarginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.n nThe decision to choose one alternative over
16、 another occurs when that alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!第16页/共30页Principle#5:Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off.Principle#5:Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off.n nPeople gain from their ability to trade with one another.n nCompetition results in gains from trading.n nTrade
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