英语习语讲解.pptx

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1、会计学1英语习语讲解英语习语讲解英语的英语的英语的英语的idiomidiom一词语义范围：一词语义范围：一词语义范围：一词语义范围：广义上：广义上：广义上：广义上：idiomidiom泛指一种民族语言中所有的习惯用泛指一种民族语言中所有的习惯用泛指一种民族语言中所有的习惯用泛指一种民族语言中所有的习惯用 法和特殊表达方法，可以是一个词，也法和特殊表达方法，可以是一个词，也法和特殊表达方法，可以是一个词，也法和特殊表达方法，可以是一个词，也 可以是一个词组或句子。可以是一个词组或句子。可以是一个词组或句子。可以是一个词组或句子。IdiomIdiom：A form of expression pe

2、culiar to a A form of expression peculiar to a language,person,or group of people.language,person,or group of people.-COD -COD 简明牛津词典简明牛津词典简明牛津词典简明牛津词典第1页/共44页狭义上：一种语言中长期以来习狭义上：一种语言中长期以来习用的、表达用的、表达 完整意义的、结构定型完整意义的、结构定型的固定词组的固定词组 或短句。或短句。“习语、熟语、习语、熟语、惯用法惯用法”第2页/共44页n nI I.英语习语的特征英语习语的特征英语习语的特征英语习语的特征

3、英语习语有两个特征：英语习语有两个特征：a.a.语义的统一性语义的统一性(semantic unity)习语是个固定的词组，在语义上习语是个固定的词组，在语义上是个不可分割的统一体，其整体是个不可分割的统一体，其整体的意义往往不能从组成习语的各的意义往往不能从组成习语的各个词汇意义中揣测出来。个词汇意义中揣测出来。如：如：do sb.brown,do up brown,show the white feather,to have an axe to grind Friday face,hard names.under the weather第3页/共44页 b.b.结构的固定性结构的固定性(s

4、tructural stability)从结构上来看，习语也有本身的完整性，其中各个从结构上来看，习语也有本身的完整性，其中各个从结构上来看，习语也有本身的完整性，其中各个从结构上来看，习语也有本身的完整性，其中各个组成部分是固定的，不可任意拆开或替换组成部分是固定的，不可任意拆开或替换组成部分是固定的，不可任意拆开或替换组成部分是固定的，不可任意拆开或替换。如如：on board on board 在船上在船上在船上在船上 on the board on the board 在会上讨论在会上讨论在会上讨论在会上讨论 on the boards on the boards 登台做演员登台做演员

5、登台做演员登台做演员 in the same boat None of your sauce!in the same boat None of your sauce!Diamond Diamond cutcut diamond,crook diamond,crook cutcut crook.crook.Like Like curescures like.like.to tread/walk on air to tread/walk on air 洋洋自得，飘飘然洋洋自得，飘飘然第4页/共44页英语习语英语习语英语习语英语习语 idioms idioms 与自由短语与自由短语与自由短语与自由短

6、语free phrase free phrase 的区别的区别的区别的区别自由短语自由短语(free phrase)free phrase)可从其组成部分的字面意义可从其组成部分的字面意义来判定其释义。英语习语则不尽然。来判定其释义。英语习语则不尽然。如：如：red tapes,cold winter.red tapes,cold winter.red tape,cold comfort.red tape,cold comfort.短语动词既可看作习语，也可不作习语对待，视短语动词既可看作习语，也可不作习语对待，视上下文而定。上下文而定。如：如：He took off his shoes.He

7、 took off his shoes.He took off the comedian to perfection.?He took off the comedian to perfection.?There are ten dark horses in the stable.There are ten dark horses in the stable.Whatever the outcome of the election,he is still a Whatever the outcome of the election,he is still a dark horse.dark ho

8、rse.第5页/共44页II.II.英语习语的分类英语习语的分类英语习语的分类英语习语的分类从语法功能和结构成份来看，习语可分为：从语法功能和结构成份来看，习语可分为：从语法功能和结构成份来看，习语可分为：从语法功能和结构成份来看，习语可分为：一、动词性习语一、动词性习语动词性习语动词性习语(idioms verbal in nature)idioms verbal in nature)以动词为中心与其以动词为中心与其他动词搭配使用，在句中起谓语作用。他动词搭配使用，在句中起谓语作用。动词性习语有以下几种结构：动词性习语有以下几种结构：1.1.动词动词+小品词小品词(verb+particle

9、)verb+particle)(1)(1)动词动词+副词副词 如：如：Some parts of the story didnt Some parts of the story didnt add upadd up.合乎情理合乎情理合乎情理合乎情理 The official The official blundered outblundered out government secrets government secrets again.again.不慎泄漏，顺口说出不慎泄漏，顺口说出不慎泄漏，顺口说出不慎泄漏，顺口说出 第6页/共44页(2)(2)动词动词动词动词+介词介词介词介词 如：如

10、：如：如：a.Why are they always biting at each other?朝朝朝朝吼叫吼叫吼叫吼叫 b.She cut across our talk.打打打打断断断断(3)(3)动词动词动词动词+副词副词副词副词+介词介词介词介词 如：如：如：如：a.The products of Japan are gradually edging those of the United States out of the European market.逐逐逐逐渐排除去渐排除去渐排除去渐排除去 b.I think that man is just hanging out for a

11、 better offer.故意拖延以待故意拖延以待故意拖延以待故意拖延以待第7页/共44页2.动词动词+名词名词如：如：bide ones time,blaze the trail,hang fire a.When the story of the barbers ill-treatment of his wife got wind,he left town.泄漏，传播泄漏，传播泄漏，传播泄漏，传播 b.Its slow service gave the restaurant a bad name.使使使使名声不好名声不好名声不好名声不好 c.The police gave him the

12、collar as he was leaving the apartment.逮捕，抓逮捕，抓逮捕，抓逮捕，抓获获获获 d.He killed time by reading a newspaper while waiting for the bus.消磨时消磨时消磨时消磨时间间间间 第8页/共44页3.动词动词+介词短语介词短语如：如：如：如：beat about the bush,fall by the way a.He amuses himself by setting other people by the ears.引起纷争，挑拨离间引起纷争，挑拨离间引起纷争，挑拨离间引起纷争，挑拨

13、离间 b.b.He took the boy to the station and set him on his way.给某人指明路途给某人指明路途给某人指明路途给某人指明路途 c.My mother packed some food for the beggar and giving him a shilling,set him on his way.（给予帮助后）送某人上路给予帮助后）送某人上路给予帮助后）送某人上路给予帮助后）送某人上路 第9页/共44页4.4.动词动词动词动词+名词名词名词名词+介词短语介词短语介词短语介词短语如如如如：burn the candle at both

14、endsburn the candle at both ends catch a hare with a tabor catch a hare with a tabor 试图作几乎不可能做到的事试图作几乎不可能做到的事试图作几乎不可能做到的事试图作几乎不可能做到的事 He spent all his life in He spent all his life in dropping buckets into empty dropping buckets into empty wells wells.5.5.动词动词动词动词+名词名词名词名词+介词介词介词介词如：如：如：如：make short

15、 work of,make short work of,make a clean breast of make a clean breast of get wind of,get wind of,pick holes in pick holes in 第10页/共44页6.6.动词动词动词动词+形容词形容词形容词形容词如：如：如：如：go easy,come clean,sit pretty go easy,come clean,sit pretty a.We have a.We have set apartset apart a special sum of money for a spec

16、ial sum of money for new equipment.new equipment.b.Her bright red hair b.Her bright red hair setssets her her apartapart from her from her sisters.sisters.第11页/共44页二、名词性习语二、名词性习语二、名词性习语二、名词性习语名词性习语名词性习语名词性习语名词性习语(idioms nominal in nature)idioms nominal in nature)以名词为中心，以名词为中心，以名词为中心，以名词为中心，与其他词语搭配使用

17、，这类成语由以下几种结构组成：与其他词语搭配使用，这类成语由以下几种结构组成：与其他词语搭配使用，这类成语由以下几种结构组成：与其他词语搭配使用，这类成语由以下几种结构组成：1.1.1.1.形容词形容词形容词形容词+名词名词名词名词 如：如：如：如：high tea cold shoulder,high tea cold shoulder,red herring white elephant,red herring white elephant,fond dream blue chip fond dream blue chip第12页/共44页2.2.名词名词名词名词+介词介词介词介词+名词名

18、词名词名词如：如：如：如：a fly in the ointment,a fly in the ointment,a fly on the wheel,a fly on the wheel,the apple of ones eye the apple of ones eye an apple of discord an apple of discord第13页/共44页3.3.名词或专有名词名词或专有名词名词或专有名词名词或专有名词+s+s+名词名词名词名词如：如：如：如：the lions share,the lions share,cats paw,cats paw,Kings weat

19、her Kings weather第14页/共44页4.4.名词名词名词名词+and+and+名词名词名词名词如：如：如：如：wear and tear,wear and tear,rank and file rank and file flesh and blood flesh and blood,第15页/共44页5.5.名词名词名词名词+名词名词名词名词如：如：如：如：sheet anchor,sheet anchor,brain trust,brain trust,a moot point a moot point第16页/共44页三、形容词性习语三、形容词性习语三、形容词性习语三、形

20、容词性习语1.1.形容词形容词形容词形容词+and+and+形容词形容词形容词形容词 如：如：如：如：high and mighty,high and mighty,null and void,null and void,free and easy free and easy第17页/共44页2.2.介词介词介词介词+形容词形容词形容词形容词如：如：如：如：on the go,on the go,on call,on call,out of sorts out of sorts,第18页/共44页3.3.3.3.形容形容形容形容(或副词）或副词）或副词）或副词）+介词短语介词短语介词短语介词短

21、语如如如如：wide of mark,wet behind the ears,wide of mark,wet behind the ears,第19页/共44页4.as+4.as+形容词形容词形容词形容词+as+as+名词名词名词名词如如如如：as stiff as a poker,as cool as a cucumberas stiff as a poker,as cool as a cucumber第20页/共44页四、副词性习语四、副词性习语四、副词性习语四、副词性习语1.1.名词名词名词名词+and+and+名词名词名词名词 如：如：如：如：heart and soul,tooth

22、 and nail,heart and soul,tooth and nail,hammer and tongs hammer and tongs第21页/共44页2.2.2.2.介词介词介词介词+名词名词名词名词如如如如：in a breeze,with flying colors,behind the in a breeze,with flying colors,behind the scenes,by the way,scenes,by the way,第22页/共44页3.3.介词介词介词介词+名词名词名词名词+and+and+名词名词名词名词如如如如：between the devi

23、l and the deep blue seabetween the devil and the deep blue sea through thick and thin through thick and thin第23页/共44页与动物有关的：1.smell a rat 2.go to the dogs3.take the bull by the horns4.horse of a different color5.let the cat out of the bag6.for the birds7.straight from the horses mouth8.be fishy9.cat

24、 got your tongue第24页/共44页与身体有关的：10.get in someones hair11.shoot off ones mouth12.jump down someones throat13.get off someones back14.tongue-in-check15.pull someones leg16.play it by ear17.stick out ones neck18.shake a leg19.all thumbs20.not have a leg to stand on第25页/共44页五、谚语五、谚语五、谚语五、谚语谚语不同于上面的四种习语

25、，习语一般起到句子谚语不同于上面的四种习语，习语一般起到句子谚语不同于上面的四种习语，习语一般起到句子谚语不同于上面的四种习语，习语一般起到句子成分的作用，而谚语往往起到句子的作用。谚语成分的作用，而谚语往往起到句子的作用。谚语成分的作用，而谚语往往起到句子的作用。谚语成分的作用，而谚语往往起到句子的作用。谚语一般以句子的形式出现，表示判断或推理。谚语一般以句子的形式出现，表示判断或推理。谚语一般以句子的形式出现，表示判断或推理。谚语一般以句子的形式出现，表示判断或推理。谚语是人民智慧的结晶，语言简练，寓意深刻。是人民智慧的结晶，语言简练，寓意深刻。是人民智慧的结晶，语言简练，寓意深刻。是人民

26、智慧的结晶，语言简练，寓意深刻。如：如：如：如：He that sups with the devil must have a long spoon.He that sups with the devil must have a long spoon.The pot calls the kettle black.The pot calls the kettle black.The mills of God grind slowly.The mills of God grind slowly.He laughs best who laughs last.He laughs best who la

27、ughs last.One cannot make a silk purse out of a sowOne cannot make a silk purse out of a sow s ear.s ear.第26页/共44页1.Birds of a feather flock together.2.In unity there is strength.3.It takes two to tango.4.A man is known by the company he keeps.5.Misery loves company.6.Too many cooks spoil the broth.

28、7.Two heads are better than one.8.Twos company,but threes a crowd.9.Do as I say,not as I do.10.If you cant beat them,join them.11.If you cant stand the heat,get out of the kitchen.第27页/共44页12.Look before you leap.13.May hay while the sun shines.14.Strike while the iron is hot.15.The way to a mans he

29、art is through his stomach.16.Curiosity killed the cat.17.Dont bite the hand that feeds you.18.Dont count your chickens before theyre hatched.19.Dont look a gift horse in the mouth.20.The road to hell is paved with good intentions.21.The first step is always the hardest.第28页/共44页III.III.英语习语的整体与结构成分

30、之间的语义关系英语习语的整体与结构成分之间的语义关系英语习语的整体与结构成分之间的语义关系英语习语的整体与结构成分之间的语义关系一、一、一、一、无理据习语无理据习语无理据习语无理据习语(de-motivated idioms)de-motivated idioms)。习语的意义与构成这习语的词的意义已经丧失联习语的意义与构成这习语的词的意义已经丧失联习语的意义与构成这习语的词的意义已经丧失联习语的意义与构成这习语的词的意义已经丧失联系系系系,整个习语的意义已经不能从构成这一习语的各个词整个习语的意义已经不能从构成这一习语的各个词整个习语的意义已经不能从构成这一习语的各个词整个习语的意义已经不能

31、从构成这一习语的各个词的意义中得出来了。的意义中得出来了。的意义中得出来了。的意义中得出来了。这一类习语可称之为无理据习语这一类习语可称之为无理据习语这一类习语可称之为无理据习语这一类习语可称之为无理据习语(de-motivated de-motivated idioms)idioms)。如如如如：fly off the handle,fly off the handle,between the devil and the deep blue sea,between the devil and the deep blue sea,drop the pilot,drop the pilot,we

32、ar ones heart on ones sleeve.wear ones heart on ones sleeve.第29页/共44页二、有理据习语二、有理据习语二、有理据习语二、有理据习语(motivated idioms),motivated idioms),习语的意义与构习语的意义与构习语的意义与构习语的意义与构成这习语的词的意义有一定联系成这习语的词的意义有一定联系成这习语的词的意义有一定联系成这习语的词的意义有一定联系 这一类习语的意义虽然不是由构成该习语的各这一类习语的意义虽然不是由构成该习语的各这一类习语的意义虽然不是由构成该习语的各这一类习语的意义虽然不是由构成该习语的各个

33、词的意义合成的，但却是由整个词组的意义引申个词的意义合成的，但却是由整个词组的意义引申个词的意义合成的，但却是由整个词组的意义引申个词的意义合成的，但却是由整个词组的意义引申出来的。出来的。出来的。出来的。所以是有理据习语所以是有理据习语所以是有理据习语所以是有理据习语(motivated idioms)motivated idioms)。这类习语的特征之一是这类习语的特征之一是这类习语的特征之一是这类习语的特征之一是形象化形象化形象化形象化，带有隐喻或明喻色，带有隐喻或明喻色，带有隐喻或明喻色，带有隐喻或明喻色彩。彩。彩。彩。如：如：如：如：eager beaver,eager beaver

34、,as cool as a cucumber,as cool as a cucumber,smooth tongue,smooth tongue,put a spoke in ones wheels,put a spoke in ones wheels,dance attendance on,dance attendance on,as easy as rolling off a log.as easy as rolling off a log.第30页/共44页这一类习语的另一个特征是：这一类习语的另一个特征是：这一类习语的另一个特征是：这一类习语的另一个特征是：由组成习语的各个由组成习语的

35、各个由组成习语的各个由组成习语的各个词的字面意义引申出转义。词的字面意义引申出转义。词的字面意义引申出转义。词的字面意义引申出转义。如如如如：draw the curtaindraw the curtain 拉开、拉上帘子拉开、拉上帘子-结束或掩盖结束或掩盖 drag ones feet drag ones feet 拖着脚步走拖着脚步走-故意拖拉故意拖拉第31页/共44页IV IV 英语习语的修辞色彩和语体色彩英语习语的修辞色彩和语体色彩英语习语的修辞色彩和语体色彩英语习语的修辞色彩和语体色彩一、修辞色彩一、修辞色彩一、修辞色彩一、修辞色彩/修辞方法修辞方法 英语习语言简意赅，表达方式简洁洗

36、炼，语言英语习语言简意赅，表达方式简洁洗炼，语言英语习语言简意赅，表达方式简洁洗炼，语言英语习语言简意赅，表达方式简洁洗炼，语言生动活泼，具有浓厚的修辞色彩。不少习语利用各种生动活泼，具有浓厚的修辞色彩。不少习语利用各种生动活泼，具有浓厚的修辞色彩。不少习语利用各种生动活泼，具有浓厚的修辞色彩。不少习语利用各种修辞手段。修辞手段。修辞手段。修辞手段。如：如：如：如：a.a.对比手段对比手段对比手段对比手段 hit or miss hit or miss make neither head or tail of sth.make neither head or tail of sth.make

37、or mar,make or mar,sink or swim,sink or swim,rain or shine rain or shine 第32页/共44页 b.b.词语的重复词语的重复词语的重复词语的重复 neck and neck,neck and neck,out and out/through and through out and out/through and through round and round round and round c.c.意义相近的词语起强调作用意义相近的词语起强调作用意义相近的词语起强调作用意义相近的词语起强调作用 by leaps and bo

38、unds,by leaps and bounds,pick and choose,pick and choose,with might and main,with might and main,chop and change,chop and change,第33页/共44页 d.d.利用押头韵的手段构成习语利用押头韵的手段构成习语利用押头韵的手段构成习语利用押头韵的手段构成习语 neck or nothing,neck or nothing,hum and haw,hum and haw,rough and ready,rough and ready,as blind as a bat as

39、 blind as a bat as large as life as large as life第34页/共44页二、语体色彩二、语体色彩二、语体色彩二、语体色彩一般来说，大部分英语习语属于口语语体。但由于习一般来说，大部分英语习语属于口语语体。但由于习一般来说，大部分英语习语属于口语语体。但由于习一般来说，大部分英语习语属于口语语体。但由于习语含义深刻并富于形象性，所以会经常出现在其他语语含义深刻并富于形象性，所以会经常出现在其他语语含义深刻并富于形象性，所以会经常出现在其他语语含义深刻并富于形象性，所以会经常出现在其他语体中。体中。体中。体中。一、属于语言的共核部分的习语一、属于语言的共

40、核部分的习语一、属于语言的共核部分的习语一、属于语言的共核部分的习语如：如：如：如：We dont usually admit anyone under the age of We dont usually admit anyone under the age of twenty-one to our meetings,but I think we might twenty-one to our meetings,but I think we might stretch a point stretch a point in your case.in your case.二、带有口语色彩的习语二

41、、带有口语色彩的习语二、带有口语色彩的习语二、带有口语色彩的习语如：如：如：如：He likes to He likes to let on let on that he is an expert in electronics.that he is an expert in electronics.Dont take what he says too much to heart,hes just Dont take what he says too much to heart,hes just letting off steam letting off steam.If youve got a

42、 complaint,the best thing is to see the If youve got a complaint,the best thing is to see the person concerned and person concerned and have it out withhave it out with him.him.第35页/共44页三、带有俚语色彩的习语三、带有俚语色彩的习语三、带有俚语色彩的习语三、带有俚语色彩的习语如：如：如：如：As soon as they realized that there was likely to As soon as t

43、hey realized that there was likely to be be trouble,his companions deserted him and left trouble,his companions deserted him and left him to him to carry the cancarry the can.(fair weather friend).(fair weather friend)They used to They used to chew the ragchew the rag after dinner.after dinner.同一个习语

44、在不同语境中有不同意义和语体色彩。同一个习语在不同语境中有不同意义和语体色彩。同一个习语在不同语境中有不同意义和语体色彩。同一个习语在不同语境中有不同意义和语体色彩。如：如：如：如：John kept at the job until he John kept at the job until he cleanedcleaned it it up.up.The company The company cleaned upcleaned up in real estate.in real estate.To keep the enemy from crossing the river they

45、To keep the enemy from crossing the river they blew up blew up the bridge.the bridge.He relieved his feeling of annoyance by He relieved his feeling of annoyance by blowing blowing up up his assistants.his assistants.第36页/共44页V.V.英语习语的应用英语习语的应用英语习语的应用英语习语的应用一、英语习语的句法功能一、英语习语的句法功能一、英语习语的句法功能一、英语习语的句法

46、功能 语法功能与结构成份有其一致的一面，也有其不一语法功能与结构成份有其一致的一面，也有其不一语法功能与结构成份有其一致的一面，也有其不一语法功能与结构成份有其一致的一面，也有其不一致的一面。致的一面。致的一面。致的一面。单从表层结构不能判断其句法功能。单从表层结构不能判断其句法功能。单从表层结构不能判断其句法功能。单从表层结构不能判断其句法功能。如：以动词为中心构成的习语多半在句中起谓语作用，如：以动词为中心构成的习语多半在句中起谓语作用，如：以动词为中心构成的习语多半在句中起谓语作用，如：以动词为中心构成的习语多半在句中起谓语作用，这可从动词性习语的结构中加以判定这可从动词性习语的结构中加

47、以判定这可从动词性习语的结构中加以判定这可从动词性习语的结构中加以判定。pick and choose,round up,kick over the traces.pick and choose,round up,kick over the traces.由名词为中心构成的习语比较复杂，不能只从起结由名词为中心构成的习语比较复杂，不能只从起结由名词为中心构成的习语比较复杂，不能只从起结由名词为中心构成的习语比较复杂，不能只从起结构上确定其句法功能。构上确定其句法功能。构上确定其句法功能。构上确定其句法功能。part and parcel:part and parcel:Microbiology

48、 is Microbiology is part and parcelpart and parcel of biology.of biology.微生物学是生物学的组成部分。微生物学是生物学的组成部分。a bed of rose:A teachers job is not a bed of roses.a bed of rose:A teachers job is not a bed of roses.第37页/共44页 有的习语形式上似乎是名词性结构，而实际上有的习语形式上似乎是名词性结构，而实际上有的习语形式上似乎是名词性结构，而实际上有的习语形式上似乎是名词性结构，而实际上并并并并 非是

49、名词性习语。非是名词性习语。非是名词性习语。非是名词性习语。pepper and salt pepper and salt His hair is pepper and salt.His hair is pepper and salt.heart and soul heart and soul We must serve the people We must serve the people heart and soulheart and soul.我们必须全心全意地为人民服务。我们必须全心全意地为人民服务。tooth and nail tooth and nail That woman fo

50、ught That woman fought tooth and nailtooth and nail during the war to during the war to protect her children.protect her children.那个妇女在那场战争中竭尽全力的保护她的孩子。那个妇女在那场战争中竭尽全力的保护她的孩子。第38页/共44页 同一个习语也有及物和不及物之分，而且意义也同一个习语也有及物和不及物之分，而且意义也同一个习语也有及物和不及物之分，而且意义也同一个习语也有及物和不及物之分，而且意义也 不相同。不相同。不相同。不相同。如：如：如：如：clear u