英汉翻译中的词类转换法.pptx

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1、会计学1英汉翻译中的词类转换法英汉翻译中的词类转换法6.0 引例引例n nExchange of ideas is a constant and vital necessity.Exchange of ideas is a constant and vital necessity.n n思想交流是一种经常的和极其重要的必需。思想交流是一种经常的和极其重要的必需。思想交流是一种经常的和极其重要的必需。思想交流是一种经常的和极其重要的必需。n n思想交流是经常而极端需要的。思想交流是经常而极端需要的。思想交流是经常而极端需要的。思想交流是经常而极端需要的。n n思想交流应经常进行，也是必须的。思想

2、交流应经常进行，也是必须的。思想交流应经常进行，也是必须的。思想交流应经常进行，也是必须的。n n思想交流有必要经常进行。思想交流有必要经常进行。思想交流有必要经常进行。思想交流有必要经常进行。n n有必要经常进行思想交流。有必要经常进行思想交流。有必要经常进行思想交流。有必要经常进行思想交流。第1页/共31页Nominalization in English and Verbalization in ChineseEnglishEnglishn nEnglish sentence contains no more than one predicate verbsEnglish sentenc

3、e contains no more than one predicate verbs in that predicate verbs in in that predicate verbs in sentences are confined by many grammatical rules.sentences are confined by many grammatical rules.n nMeanwhile,nouns which are originated from verbs also indicate movements,actions,Meanwhile,nouns which

4、 are originated from verbs also indicate movements,actions,changes,sensations,state,etc.Compared with verbs,they are less marked and more flexibly changes,sensations,state,etc.Compared with verbs,they are less marked and more flexibly placed in a sentence.placed in a sentence.n nNominalization is a

5、predominant feature in English.Nominalization is a predominant feature in English.n nPreponderance of nouns over verbsPreponderance of nouns over verbs第2页/共31页Nominalization in English and Verbalization in ChineseChinesen nIn Chinese,verbs are unmarked and less confined so that clusters of verbs are

6、 used to express an event in one sentence.n nA frequent use of verbs is predominant in Chinese sentences.第3页/共31页6.1 转译成动词转译成动词 n n英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个

7、动词一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。如：或动词性结构连用。如：或动词性结构连用。如：或动词性结构连用。如：n nHe He admiresadmires the Presidents the Presidents statedstated decisiondecision to to fightfight forfor the job.the job.n n他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示他对总统声明为保住其职位而

8、决心奋斗表示钦佩。钦佩。钦佩。钦佩。n n汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、形容词和副词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动形容词和副词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动形容词和副词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动形容词和副词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。词。词。词。第4页/共31页6.1.1 名词转译成动词名词转译成动词 n n1 1）由动词

9、派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中）由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中）由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中）由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中出现比较多。出现比较多。出现比较多。出现比较多。n n The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli the Middle East conflict on the basis of Isra

10、eli withdrawal withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgementacknowledgement of Israelis right to exist.of Israelis right to exist.n n19671967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解以及阿拉伯承认以色列的

11、生存权利的基础上来解以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。决中东冲突。决中东冲突。决中东冲突。n nRockets have found Rockets have found applicationapplication for the exploration for the exploration of the universe.of the universe.n n火箭已经用来探索宇宙。火箭已经用来探索宇宙。火箭已经用来探索宇宙。火箭已经用来探索宇宙。第5页/共31页n nThe mastery of a foreign langu

12、age is difficult and requires painstaking effort.n n要学好一门外语要学好一门外语是不容易的，非下苦功夫不可。n nAfter some hesitation,he asked if I would arrange for him to be cremated after his death and then have his ashes sattered into the ocean.n n犹豫犹豫了一番之后，他问我是否愿意在他死死后将他火化并将骨灰洒入大海。第6页/共31页2 2）含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出）含有动作意味的名词

13、（在记叙、描写文体中出）含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出）含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多）往往可以转译成动词。现较多）往往可以转译成动词。现较多）往往可以转译成动词。现较多）往往可以转译成动词。n nThe sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.n n看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。n n A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view o

14、f the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.n n从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。的全景。第7页/共31页n nHe turned talkative at the mention of tea.He turned talkative at the mention of tea.n n一提到一提到一提到一提到茶，他的话就多起来。茶，他的话就多起来。n nShe jumped up for joy at the news of her husbands ret

15、urn.She jumped up for joy at the news of her husbands return.n n听到听到听到听到丈夫要回来这个好消息，她高兴地跳了起来。丈夫要回来这个好消息，她高兴地跳了起来。n nAdmission to the university is by examination and selection.Girls are admitted Admission to the university is by examination and selection.Girls are admitted on equal terms with boys.on

16、 equal terms with boys.n n进大学要考试，择优录取。女生入学条件与男生一样。进大学要考试，择优录取。女生入学条件与男生一样。第8页/共31页3 3）英语中有些加后缀）英语中有些加后缀）英语中有些加后缀）英语中有些加后缀-er-er的名词，有时可转换的名词，有时可转换的名词，有时可转换的名词，有时可转换为其对应的名词为其对应的名词为其对应的名词为其对应的名词n n如如如如teacherteacher教师，教师，教师，教师，thinkerthinker思想家等等，有时在句中并不思想家等等，有时在句中并不思想家等等，有时在句中并不思想家等等，有时在句中并不指其身份和职业，而是

17、含有较强的动作意味，在汉语指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。n nI am afraid I cant teach you swimming.I think my I am afraid I cant teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better little

18、 brother is a better teacherteacher than I.than I.n n我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。n nSea gulls are good flyers.n n海鸥很善于飞行。海鸥很善于飞行。第9页/共31页n nTalking with his son,the old man was the Talking with his son,the old man was the forgiverforgiver o

19、f the young of the young mans past wrong doings.mans past wrong doings.n n在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。n nShe is such a trouble-maker that no one likes to be in the same team with her.n n她总是制造麻烦，所以没有人愿意和她一她总是制造麻烦，所以没有人愿意和她一组。组。第10页/共

20、31页4 4）作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词）作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词）作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词）作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词n nThey took a final They took a final looklook at Iron Mike,still at Iron Mike,still intact in the darkness.intact in the darkness.n n他们最后看了铁麦克一眼他们最后看了铁麦克一眼他们最后看了铁麦克一眼他们最后看了铁麦克一眼它依旧安然它依旧安然它依旧安然它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。无恙地耸立在黑暗中

21、。无恙地耸立在黑暗中。无恙地耸立在黑暗中。n nThe next news bulletin,shorter than usual,The next news bulletin,shorter than usual,made no made no mentionmention of the demonstration.of the demonstration.n n下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。第11页/共31页n nWith the improvement of the

22、living standard,now people attach great importance to health.n n随着生活水平的提高，人们现在很重视健随着生活水平的提高，人们现在很重视健康。康。n nBefore Chinas entry into WTO,there were fears that China would have to make too much concession.n n在中国加入世贸组织之前，人们担心中国在中国加入世贸组织之前，人们担心中国要做出过多的让步。要做出过多的让步。第12页/共31页n nSuch laws will never be enou

23、gh to put an end to centuries of discrimination Such laws will never be enough to put an end to centuries of discrimination angainst blacks.angainst blacks.n n对黑人的歧视已经存在了几个世纪，要结束这样的歧视，这样的法律远对黑人的歧视已经存在了几个世纪，要结束这样的歧视，这样的法律远远不够。远不够。n nAs Beijing becomes increasingly congested and polluted,there has a g

24、rowing As Beijing becomes increasingly congested and polluted,there has a growing realization that action is needed to tackle these problems.realization that action is needed to tackle these problems.n n随着北京变得越来越拥挤，污染问题日益严重，人们更加意识到需要采随着北京变得越来越拥挤，污染问题日益严重，人们更加意识到需要采取行动来解决这些问题。取行动来解决这些问题。第13页/共31页Have

25、 a try!n nPrince Williams choice of St.Andrews is viewed as an unofficial royal Prince Williams choice of St.Andrews is viewed as an unofficial royal recoginition of the university.The university announced a 44.4%increase in recoginition of the university.The university announced a 44.4%increase in

26、application.application.n nFor some governments,qualifying for entry into the single currency is very For some governments,qualifying for entry into the single currency is very much a matter of national pride.Indeed,in 1996 there were fears that France much a matter of national pride.Indeed,in 1996

27、there were fears that France and Germany-the European Unions political and economic giants-would and Germany-the European Unions political and economic giants-would not be alble to meet the criteria.not be alble to meet the criteria.第14页/共31页Have a try!n nAll the medical advice in this case recommen

28、ds selective abortion and many All the medical advice in this case recommends selective abortion and many believe that the mothers refusal to abort some of her babies is being believe that the mothers refusal to abort some of her babies is being influenced by the offer of money from the newspaper.in

29、fluenced by the offer of money from the newspaper.n nWhen we arrived at home,Mary said she felt all right,and that she would like When we arrived at home,Mary said she felt all right,and that she would like to return the house she shared with friends for that weekend,maybe even to return the house s

30、he shared with friends for that weekend,maybe even longer.I was doubtful about this,but she was the best judge of how she felt,longer.I was doubtful about this,but she was the best judge of how she felt,and altogether it seemed a good idea to have a break from each other and the and altogether it se

31、emed a good idea to have a break from each other and the hospital circuit for a while.hospital circuit for a while.第15页/共31页6.1.2 介词转译成动词介词转译成动词n n“Coming!”“Coming!”AwayAway she skimmed she skimmed overover the the lawn,lawn,upup the path,the path,upup the steps,the steps,acrossacross the the verand

32、a,and veranda,and intointo the porch.the porch.n n“来啦！来啦！来啦！来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。了门廊。了门廊。了门廊。n nI barreled straight ahead,I barreled straight ahead,acrossacross the harbor the harbor an

33、d and out overout over the sea.the sea.n n我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。第16页/共31页6.1.3 形容词转译成动词形容词转译成动词n n英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态心理状态心理状态心理状态的形容词，的形容词，的形容词，的形容词，在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转译成动词。如：在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转译成动词。如：在系动词后作表语

34、用时，往往可转译成动词。如：在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转译成动词。如：confident,certain,careful,cautious,angry,sure,confident,certain,careful,cautious,angry,sure,ignorant,afraid,doubtful,aware,concerned,glad,ignorant,afraid,doubtful,aware,concerned,glad,delighted,sorry,ashamed,thankful,anxiousdelighted,sorry,ashamed,thankful,anxious

35、等。等。等。等。n nDoctors have said that they are not sure they can Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.save his life.n n医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。n nThe fact that she was able to send a message was The fact that she was able to

36、send a message was a hint.But I had to be cautious.a hint.But I had to be cautious.n n她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。必须小心谨慎。必须小心谨慎。必须小心谨慎。第17页/共31页6.1.4 副词转译成动词副词转译成动词n nThat day he was up before sunrise.n n那天他在日出以前就起来了。那天他在日出以前就起来了。n nShe

37、opened the window to let fresh air in.n n她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。第18页/共31页6.2 转译成名词转译成名词n n6.2.1 6.2.1 英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词

38、。转译成汉语名词。转译成汉语名词。转译成汉语名词。n n1 1）名词派生的动词）名词派生的动词）名词派生的动词）名词派生的动词n nFormality has always Formality has always characterizedcharacterized their relationship.their relationship.n n他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。n nTo them,he To them,he personifiedpers

39、onified the absolute power.the absolute power.n n在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。n n2 2）名词转用的动词）名词转用的动词）名词转用的动词）名词转用的动词n n Most U.S.spy satellites are Most U.S.spy satellites are designeddesigned to burn up in the to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completi

40、ng their missions.earths atmosphere after completing their missions.n n美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。在大气层中焚毁。在大气层中焚毁。在大气层中焚毁。第19页/共31页6.2.2 6.2.2 有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成成成成“受（遭）到受（

41、遭）到受（遭）到受（遭）到+名词名词名词名词”、“予（加）以予（加）以予（加）以予（加）以+名词名词名词名词”这类结构。这类结构。这类结构。这类结构。n nSatellites,however,must Satellites,however,must bebe closely closely watchedwatched,for they are constantly being,for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of tugged at by the gravitational at

42、traction of the sun,moon and earth.the sun,moon and earth.n n由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。n nThe company impressed itself greatly upon the mind of customers.n n公司在顾客脑海中留下了不可磨公司在顾客脑海中留下了不可磨灭

43、的印象。灭的印象。第20页/共31页6.2.3 形容词转译成名词形容词转译成名词n n1 1）英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉）英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉）英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉）英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词。如：译时常译成名词。如：译时常译成名词。如：译时常译成名词。如：n nThey did their best to help They did their best to help the sick and the woundedthe sick and the wounded.n n他们尽了最大的努力帮助

44、病号和伤员。他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。n nRobin Hood and his merry men hated Robin Hood and his merry men hated the richthe rich and and loved and protected loved and protected the poorthe poor.n n罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护

45、穷人。n n2 2）此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。如：）此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。如：）此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。如：）此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。如：n nStevenson was Stevenson was eloquent and eleganteloquent and elegantbut but softsoft.n n史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。n nThey were considered They were consid

46、ered insincereinsincere.n n他们被人认为是伪君子。他们被人认为是伪君子。他们被人认为是伪君子。他们被人认为是伪君子。第21页/共31页6.3 转译成形容词转译成形容词n n6.3.1 6.3.1 形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。n nThe The pallorpallor of her face indicated clearly how she of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling a

47、t the moment.was feeling at the moment.n n她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。n n The The security and warmthsecurity and warmth of the destroyers sick of the destroyers sick bay were wonderful.bay were wonderful.n n驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。驱逐舰的病室很安

48、全也很温暖，好极了。驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。n n He talked for some time with Bundy,and his He talked for some time with Bundy,and his questions reflected the questions reflected the enormityenormity of his doubts.of his doubts.n n他同邦迪谈了一会，他提出的问题反映出他有很他同邦迪谈了一会，他提出的问题反映出他有很他同邦迪谈了一会，他提出的问题反映出他有很他同邦迪谈了一会，他提出的问题反映出他有很大的

49、怀疑。大的怀疑。大的怀疑。大的怀疑。第22页/共31页6.3.2 6.3.2 有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词。有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词。有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词。有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词。n nThe blockade was a success.n n封锁很成功。封锁很成功。n nAs he is a perfect stranger in the city,I hope you will give him the necessary help.n n他对这城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他对这城市完全陌

50、生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。他必要的帮助。n n Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.n n独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。第23页/共31页6.4 其他词类转译其他词类转译n n6.4.1 6.4.1 形容词与副词的互相转译形容词与副词的互相转译形容词与副词的互相转译形容词与副词的互相转译n n1 1）英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形）英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形）英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形）英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词。容词往往