预防出生缺陷的基本知识幻灯片.ppt
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1、预防出生缺陷的基本知识第1页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三What is a birth defect?什么是出生缺陷?Birth defect means that the baby has occurred morphology,functional metabolic,mental,behavioral and other aspects of abnormal when he/she was in the womb before the birth.出生缺陷是指孩子出生前,在母亲腹中里就已经发生的形态结构、功能代谢、精神、行为等方面的异常。第2页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期
2、三Abnormal morphology often shows congenital malformations,such as children without brain,spina bifida,cleft lip,abnormal limbs,est.形态结构异常形态结构异常常表现为先天畸形,例如无脑儿、脊柱裂、兔唇、四肢异常等。第3页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三Defects of physiological functions and metabolism often lead to congenital mental retardation,deafness,dumb.
3、生理功能和代谢方面的出生缺陷生理功能和代谢方面的出生缺陷常常导致先天性智力低下、聋、哑等。在出生缺陷中以先天性心脏病、唐氏综合征、神经管畸形先天性心脏病、唐氏综合征、神经管畸形等最为常见。Among the birth defects,congenital heart disease,Downs syndrome and neural tube defects are the most common diseases.第4页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三What is Downs syndrome?什么是唐氏综合征(先天愚型)?Downs syndrome is an autosomal
4、 disease which is the most common cause of neonatal congenital dementia.唐氏综合征是新生儿中最常见的导致先天性痴呆的常染色体疾病。第5页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三Main clinical manifestations of Downs syndrome唐氏综合征的主要临床表现Severe mental retardation严重的智力低下Unique face,such as eyes wide apart,low nose独特的面容,如眼距宽、鼻梁低Infertile male patients,female
5、 patients with occasional fertility男性患者无生育能力,女性患者偶有生育能力50%of children with congenital heart disease.50%患儿伴有先天性心脏病第6页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三What is open neural tube defects?什么是开放性神经管缺损?Open neural tube defects were in the large proportion of birth defects,mainly in children without brain,dominant spina bi
6、fida and other malformations.It is due to the neural tube can not be closed during development,which often results in stillbirth,stillbirth,paralysis,etc.开放性神经管缺损在出生缺陷中占很大比例,主要有无脑儿、显性脊柱裂等缺陷。此病是神经管在发育过程中不能闭合所致,常造成死胎、死产、瘫痪等。第7页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三Factors affecting neural tube closure includes virus infe
7、ction in pregnancy,lack of folic acid intake or metabolic abnormalities of folic acid,malnutrition,and genetic factors,est.影响神经管闭合的因素有孕期病毒感染、叶酸摄入不足或代谢异常、营养不良及遗传因素等第8页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三Causes of birth defects出生缺陷的原因遗传因素遗传因素(Genetic factors)25(基因(基因20,染色体,染色体3-5)不明原因不明原因65(遗传与环境因素)(遗传与环境因素)环境因素(环境因素(E
8、nvironmental factors)10(放射(放射1,感染,感染2-3,代谢,代谢1-2,化学,化学2-3)第9页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三遗传因素(Genetic factors)染色体病染色体病最多见,包括染色体数目及结构异常。可由父母一方染色体异常遗传引起,亦可由亲代的生殖细胞染色体畸变引起。Chromosomal disease is most common,including abnormalities of chromosome number and structure.It can be caused both by a parent chromosome ab
9、normalities caused by genetic and by parental germ cell chromosome aberrations.第10页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三遗传因素(Genetic factors)染色体外观正常,但基因发生突变,由单个基因突变引起的疾病叫单基因病单基因病。其遗传方式可分为常染色体显性或隐性遗传、性连锁显性或隐性遗传等The disease caused by a single gene mutation was called single-gene disease while its chromosomes look normal
10、,but the gene has a mutation.Its mode of inheritance can be divided into autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance,sex-linked dominant or recessive inheritance,etc.第11页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三遗传因素(Genetic factors)由几对基因决定的遗传性状异常导致的疾病成为多基因遗传多基因遗传病病;常有家族史,是许多基因和环境因素共同作用的结果。Disease caused by abnormalities o
11、f a few genes determining the genetic traits was called a multi-genetic disease;Family history often occurred.It is the result of the interaction of many genes and environmental factors.第12页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三环境因素(Environmental factors)和遗传及共同作用宫内宫内(womb):营养因素、微生物感染、不良嗜好、心理因素等;Nutritional factors,micr
12、obial infections,bad habits,psychological factors宫外宫外(out of uterus):职业因素、物理因素、环境类雌激素、次生环境(城市建筑、工业污染等)等;Occupational factors,physical factors,environmental estrogen,secondary environment(urban architecture,industrial pollution,etc.)第13页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三致畸率与暴露的时间有关Teratogenic rate and the exposure t
13、ime第14页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三致畸率与暴露的时间有关Teratogenic rate and the exposure time第15页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三怀孕第几周最容易引起胎儿畸形?When most likely to cause fetal malformations?In the fifth to ten weeks of gestation,fetus vulnerable to the impact caused by The external environment or the influence of drugs.This period
14、is called the Teratogenic sensitive period一般在怀孕后第5-10周(从末次月经算起)受到外界环境或药物因素影响最容易引起胎儿畸形.因为这个时期是受精卵形成的细胞正在向胎儿分化的时期,特别容易引起畸形,所以又称为“致畸敏感期”。第16页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三How to prevent birth defects?如何预防出生缺陷?How?Tertiary prevention of birth defects system出生缺陷的三级预防体系出生缺陷的三级预防体系第17页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三Primary prevent
15、ion To prevent the occurrence of birth defects in children第1道防线防止出生缺陷儿的发生1、婚前检查(Premarital medical examination)2、遗传咨询(Genetic counseling)3、孕前保健(Preconception care)第18页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三1、婚前检查(Premarital medical examination)识别严重的遗传性疾病,根据遗传规律,推算下一代发病的风险,提出可以结婚,但限制生育、禁止生育。指定的传染病,在传染期内应暂缓结婚;有关的精神病在发病期内,
16、暂缓结婚;攻击性精神病禁止结婚;Serious genetic disease can be married,but to limit fertility,ban reproductive.The specified infectious diseases,should postpone their marriage in the infectious period.Related psychosis should postpone their marriage in the onset of the period;attack psychosis prohibit marriage.第19页
17、,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三2、遗传咨询(Genetic counseling)由医学遗传的专业人员或医师,对咨询者提出的家庭中遗传性疾病的发病原因、遗传方式、诊断、预后、复发风险率、防治等问题予以解答,并提出婚育医学提议。Professionals or physicians of the Medical Genetic answered causes of hereditary diseases in the family consultant,the mode of inheritance,diagnosis,prognosis,recurrence risk ratio,pre
18、vention and other issues,and proposed marriage and childbearing medical proposal.第20页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三有下列情况之一的夫妻应进行遗传咨询Couples with one of the following should be carried out genetic counseling遗传病或先天畸形的家族史或生育史;Genetic disease or congenital malformations of family history or history of fertility;子女有
19、不明原因智力低下;Children have unexplained mental retardation不明原因的流产、死胎、死产或新生儿死亡;Unexplained miscarriage,stillbirth,stillbirth or neonatal death孕期接触不良因素或患有某些慢性病;Pregnancy exposure to adverse factors or suffering from certain chronic diseases;常规检查或常见遗传病筛查发现异常;Routine inspection or common genetic disease scre
20、ening abnormal;多年不育、高龄或其他情况Years of infertility,old age or other circumstances.第21页,共51页,编辑于2022年,星期三3、孕前保健(Preconception care)孕前4至6个月进行孕前检查Pre-pregnancy check in the 4-6 months before pregnancy.怀孕前后3个月补充叶酸可以有效预防神经管畸形的发生Folic acid supplementation in the 3 months before and after pregnancy to prevent
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