英语中的暗喻.pptx

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1、会计学1英语中的暗喻英语中的暗喻Compare:n nHabit may Habit may be likened tobe likened to a cable;every a cable;every day we weave a thread,and soon we day we weave a thread,and soon we cannot break it.cannot break it.n n习惯像缆索，每天我们编上一条线，不习惯像缆索，每天我们编上一条线，不习惯像缆索，每天我们编上一条线，不习惯像缆索，每天我们编上一条线，不久我们便扯不断了。久我们便扯不断了。久我们便扯不断了。

2、久我们便扯不断了。n nHabit Habit is is a cable;every day we weave a a cable;every day we weave a thread,and soon we cannot break it.thread,and soon we cannot break it.n n习惯是缆索，每天我们编上一条线，不习惯是缆索，每天我们编上一条线，不习惯是缆索，每天我们编上一条线，不习惯是缆索，每天我们编上一条线，不久我们便扯不断了。久我们便扯不断了。久我们便扯不断了。久我们便扯不断了。第1页/共30页n n Ontology(本体）n n 被比喻的事物或

3、情境n n Metaphors（喻体）n n 打比方的事物或情境n n n n Pre-figurative word（喻词）n n 表示比喻关系的词语 Structure 第2页/共30页n n According to the structure,metaphors can be divided into two categories:visible metaphors and invisible metaphors.n n In the visible metaphor,both the primary term(tenor本体)and the secondry term(vehicle

4、喻体)are present in the sentence.It takes the form of X is Y,as in the examples below:n n You are my sunshine.n n He is the apple of her eye.n n The house will be paradise.n n That pudding was an absolute dream.第3页/共30页1.1.The primary term is present,but the secondary The primary term is present,but t

5、he secondary term is term is not-but it is hinted at by other words in many cases by the not-but it is hinted at by other words in many cases by the verb or verbs.For example,verb or verbs.For example,Some books are to beSome books are to be tasted tasted,others to be,others to be swallowedswallowed

6、,and,and some few to besome few to be chewed chewed and and digesteddigested.In this sentence,the secondary term food doesnt appear In this sentence,the secondary term food doesnt appear literally,but it is suggested by the literally,but it is suggested by the verbstasted,swallowd,chewed,digested.ve

7、rbstasted,swallowd,chewed,digested.The invisible metaphor refers to either of the following two types.第4页/共30页2.2.The secondary term is present in the sentence but the The secondary term is present in the sentence but the primary term is not.The primary term is suggestd by the primary term is not.Th

8、e primary term is suggestd by the secondary term.This kind of metaphor leaves room for secondary term.This kind of metaphor leaves room for the readers imagination.For example,the readers imagination.For example,The The machinemachine sitting at that desk was no longer a man;it sitting at that desk

9、was no longer a man;it was a busy New York broker.(O.Henrywas a busy New York broker.(O.Henry)The primary term man is not present,but it is suggested The primary term man is not present,but it is suggested by the secondary termmachine.Manis replaced by by the secondary termmachine.Manis replaced by

10、machine because the man at the desk performd his duty machine because the man at the desk performd his duty mechanically miknikli.In writers mind,the man was mechanically miknikli.In writers mind,the man was no longer a man but a machine.no longer a man but a machine.第5页/共30页 Like similes明喻明喻,metaph

11、ors can also be used for three purposes:1.1.Description Description2.2.Illumination Illumination3.3.Illustration Illustration第6页/共30页Besides the one-aspect metaphors,there are multi-aspect Besides the one-aspect metaphors,there are multi-aspect metaphors,likemetaphors,like sustained metaphors sustai

12、ned metaphors sustained metaphors sustained metaphors博喻博喻博喻博喻 and and extended metaphorsextended metaphors扩喻扩喻扩喻扩喻.n nIn some metaphors,the primary term is compared to two or In some metaphors,the primary term is compared to two or more secondary terms.These metaphors are called more secondary terms

13、.These metaphors are called sustained sustained metaphorsmetaphors .It involves various comparisons of the primary .It involves various comparisons of the primary term in different perspectives.term in different perspectives.PoetryPoetry is is the scent of the rosethe scent of the rose,the lightenin

14、g in the skythe lightening in the sky,the the gleam of the flygleam of the fly,the sound of the sea.the sound of the sea.(Poetry is compared to scent,lightening,gleam and sound-all in (Poetry is compared to scent,lightening,gleam and sound-all in different prspectives.)different prspectives.)第7页/共30

15、页n nExtended metaphor is another form of comparison,in which an initial comparison is made and then developd.For example,All the worlds a All the worlds a stagestage,And all the men and women merely And all the men and women merely playersplayers;They have their exits and their They have their exits

16、 and their entrancesentrances,And one man in his time And one man in his time plays many parts,plays many parts,His His actsacts being seven ages.(W.Shakespeare)being seven ages.(W.Shakespeare)（The initial comparison is The world is a stage.It serves as The initial comparison is The world is a stage

17、.It serves as a basic comparision and then it is developed by the a basic comparision and then it is developed by the consequent comprisions,which serve as its extending consequent comprisions,which serve as its extending part.part.）第8页/共30页When we make metaphors,we should avoid When we make metapho

18、rs,we should avoid mixed metaphorsmixed metaphors混合隐喻混合隐喻 andand dead metaphors dead metaphors死喻死喻.n nSometimes,metaphors may get out of control.If metaphors run Sometimes,metaphors may get out of control.If metaphors run wild,wild,mixed metaphormixed metaphor will come into bing-two or more will co

19、me into bing-two or more incongruous comparisons run together.For example,incongruous comparisons run together.For example,The The seeds seeds of rebellion were of rebellion were kindledkindled in secret.in secret.(seeds andkindle are incongruous)(seeds andkindle are incongruous)I skim over the book

20、 to taste the tone of it.I skim over the book to taste the tone of it.(Tone cannot be tasted.)(Tone cannot be tasted.)At last he felt a ray of hope.At last he felt a ray of hope.(Rays can be seen,not felt.)(Rays can be seen,not felt.)第9页/共30页 To be effective,a metaphor should meet three requirements

21、:freshments and originality;aptness(适合适合);consistency.Some metaphors have been used for so long that they have lost their figurative strength and become lifeless.Dead metaphors can be divided into three types.1.Introduced by the link verbbe He is a stupid ass.He is a fox.2.Modifiers an iron heart,th

22、e silver moon,a sea of faces,etc.3.Constructed by verbs or popular set phrases birds of the same feather,a wolf in sheeps clothing 第10页/共30页隐喻的表达形式隐喻的表达形式 n n(1)(1)名词型名词型名词型名词型 (noun metaphors)(noun metaphors)n nTime is Time is moneymoney.n nLife is a Life is a journeyjourney.n nAll the worlds a All

23、 the worlds a stagestage,and all the men and,and all the men and women merely women merely playersplayers.(William Shakespeare.(William Shakespeare)n n整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。第11页/共30页n n霎时间，东西长安街成了喧腾的大海。霎时间，东西长安街成了喧腾的大海。霎时间，东西长安街成了喧腾的大海。霎时间，东西长安街成

24、了喧腾的大海。（袁鹰：（袁鹰：（袁鹰：（袁鹰：十月长安街十月长安街十月长安街十月长安街）n nAt onceAt once，the Eastern and Western the Eastern and Western Changan Roads Changan Roads becamebecame roaring oceansroaring oceans.n n他是一本活词典他是一本活词典他是一本活词典他是一本活词典(百科全书百科全书百科全书百科全书)。n nHe is He is a walking dictionarya walking dictionaryencyclopediaenc

25、yclopedia.第12页/共30页n nA silver A silver plateplate(=The moon)is rising up in (=The moon)is rising up in the sky.the sky.n n一个银盘在天边升起。一个银盘在天边升起。一个银盘在天边升起。一个银盘在天边升起。n nThe human The human tide tide was rolling westward.(was rolling westward.(Dickens)Dickens)n n人流向西涌去。人流向西涌去。人流向西涌去。人流向西涌去。n nThe The we

26、bweb of our life is of a mingled yarn,of our life is of a mingled yarn,good and ill together.(Shakespeare)good and ill together.(Shakespeare)n n我们的生活是吉凶交织而成的网。我们的生活是吉凶交织而成的网。我们的生活是吉凶交织而成的网。我们的生活是吉凶交织而成的网。第13页/共30页n nHe 1ives in a He 1ives in a palacepalace of a house.of a house.n n他住在宫殿一般的房子里，他住在宫殿一

27、般的房子里，他住在宫殿一般的房子里，他住在宫殿一般的房子里，n nThe boat disappeared in a The boat disappeared in a mountainmountain of of a wave.a wave.n n船在一般如山高的大浪中消失了。船在一般如山高的大浪中消失了。船在一般如山高的大浪中消失了。船在一般如山高的大浪中消失了。n nShe was an She was an angelangel of a wife.of a wife.n n她是天仙般的妻子。她是天仙般的妻子。她是天仙般的妻子。她是天仙般的妻子。n nIve got theIve go

28、t the devil devil of a toothache.of a toothache.n n我牙痛不堪。我牙痛不堪。我牙痛不堪。我牙痛不堪。第14页/共30页n nHe is a bag of He is a bag of windwind.n n他只说不干。他只说不干。他只说不干。他只说不干。n nHe is an He is an old womanold woman.n n他是个婆婆妈妈的人。他是个婆婆妈妈的人。他是个婆婆妈妈的人。他是个婆婆妈妈的人。n nHe is an all-purpose He is an all-purpose basketbasket.n n他是一

29、个多面手。他是一个多面手。他是一个多面手。他是一个多面手。n nWe had been singing all night in the tavern.We had been singing all night in the tavern.Next morning I had a Next morning I had a frogfrog in the throat.in the throat.n n我们在酒馆里唱了一整夜的歌，第二天早晨我们在酒馆里唱了一整夜的歌，第二天早晨我们在酒馆里唱了一整夜的歌，第二天早晨我们在酒馆里唱了一整夜的歌，第二天早晨我的嗓子就嘶哑了。我的嗓子就嘶哑了。我的嗓子

30、就嘶哑了。我的嗓子就嘶哑了。第15页/共30页n n(2)(2)动词型动词型动词型动词型 (verb metaphors)(verb metaphors)n nThe case The case snowballedsnowballed into one of the most into one of the most famous trials in U.S.history.famous trials in U.S.history.n n这个案子像滚雪球似地，最终成了美国这个案子像滚雪球似地，最终成了美国这个案子像滚雪球似地，最终成了美国这个案子像滚雪球似地，最终成了美国历史上最著名的审判之

31、一。历史上最著名的审判之一。历史上最著名的审判之一。历史上最著名的审判之一。n nThe boy The boy wolfedwolfed down the food the down the food the moment he grabbed it.moment he grabbed it.n n那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。了下去。了下去。了下去。第16页/共30页n nThe boy is The boy is shooting upshooting up fast.fas

32、t.n n这个小孩长得特快。这个小孩长得特快。这个小孩长得特快。这个小孩长得特快。n nWaves Waves thunderedthundered against the rocks.against the rocks.n n水浪猛烈地拍打着岩岸。水浪猛烈地拍打着岩岸。水浪猛烈地拍打着岩岸。水浪猛烈地拍打着岩岸。n nThe corridor was The corridor was floodedflooded with boys and with boys and girls.girls.n n走廊里挤满了男女小孩。走廊里挤满了男女小孩。走廊里挤满了男女小孩。走廊里挤满了男女小孩。n n

33、She She melted dissolvedmelted dissolved into tears.into tears.n n她感动得流下眼泪。她感动得流下眼泪。她感动得流下眼泪。她感动得流下眼泪。n nDont Dont monkeymonkey with the new radio.with the new radio.n n不要乱动新收音机。不要乱动新收音机。不要乱动新收音机。不要乱动新收音机。第17页/共30页n nMisfortune Misfortune doggeddogged him at every turn him at every turnn n灾难老是折磨着他。灾

34、难老是折磨着他。灾难老是折磨着他。灾难老是折磨着他。n nThe long faced hijacker The long faced hijacker barkedbarked his his orders.orders.n n那个长脸的劫机者狂吠般地发号施令。那个长脸的劫机者狂吠般地发号施令。那个长脸的劫机者狂吠般地发号施令。那个长脸的劫机者狂吠般地发号施令。n nEverything was Everything was bathedbathed in the golden in the golden sunlight.sunlight.n n万物沐浴在金色的阳光下。万物沐浴在金色的阳光

35、下。万物沐浴在金色的阳光下。万物沐浴在金色的阳光下。n nHe He tailedtailed her into the cave.her into the cave.n n他尾随着她走进洞穴。他尾随着她走进洞穴。他尾随着她走进洞穴。他尾随着她走进洞穴。第18页/共30页Exercise:n nI have been I have been wrestlingwrestling with this problem with this problem for half ah hour.for half ah hour.n n我钻研这个问题已经半小时了。我钻研这个问题已经半小时了。我钻研这个问题已

36、经半小时了。我钻研这个问题已经半小时了。n nThe train The train steamedsteamed into the station.into the station.n n火车吐着气开进了车站。火车吐着气开进了车站。火车吐着气开进了车站。火车吐着气开进了车站。n nHeHe needled needled his way through the crowd.his way through the crowd.n n他穿过人群。他穿过人群。他穿过人群。他穿过人群。第19页/共30页n n(3)(3)形容词型形容词型形容词型形容词型 (adjective metaphors)(a

37、djective metaphors)n nIt is a It is a thornythorny problem problemissueissuesubject.subject.n n这是个棘手的问题这是个棘手的问题这是个棘手的问题这是个棘手的问题(题目题目题目题目)。n nThe girl is a The girl is a deaddead shot.shot.n n这位姑娘是神枪手这位姑娘是神枪手这位姑娘是神枪手这位姑娘是神枪手!n nHe loves a He loves a rosyrosy cheek.cheek.n n他喜欢玫瑰色面颊他喜欢玫瑰色面颊他喜欢玫瑰色面颊他喜欢

38、玫瑰色面颊。n nShe has a She has a photographicphotographic memory for memory for detail.detail.n n她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。第20页/共30页n nthe golden agethe golden agen nstormy applausestormy applausen niron williron willn na silver tonguea silver tonguen na biting north a biti

39、ng north windwindn n黄金时代黄金时代黄金时代黄金时代n n雷鸣般的掌声雷鸣般的掌声雷鸣般的掌声雷鸣般的掌声n n钢铁般的意志钢铁般的意志钢铁般的意志钢铁般的意志n n流利的口才流利的口才流利的口才流利的口才n n刺骨的北风刺骨的北风刺骨的北风刺骨的北风第21页/共30页Exercise:n nHis speech touched off a His speech touched off a stormystormy protest.protest.n n他的演讲引起了强烈的抗议。他的演讲引起了强烈的抗议。他的演讲引起了强烈的抗议。他的演讲引起了强烈的抗议。n nWe reg

40、ard it as a We regard it as a burningburning shame to have shame to have lagged behind.lagged behind.n n我们把落后看成是奇耻大辱。我们把落后看成是奇耻大辱。我们把落后看成是奇耻大辱。我们把落后看成是奇耻大辱。n n他有着极好的机会。他有着极好的机会。他有着极好的机会。他有着极好的机会。n nHe has a He has a goldengolden opportunity.opportunity.第22页/共30页n n(4)(4)副词型副词型副词型副词型 (adverbial metap

41、hors)(adverbial metaphors)n nHe He flatlyflatly refused us.refused us.n n他坚决拒绝我们。他坚决拒绝我们。他坚决拒绝我们。他坚决拒绝我们。n nTime passed Time passed at a snails paceat a snails pace.n nThey escaped They escaped by a hairs breadthby a hairs breadth.n n他们死里逃生。他们死里逃生。他们死里逃生。他们死里逃生。第23页/共30页n n(5)(5)谚语型谚语型谚语型谚语型 (prover

42、bs serving as metaphors)(proverbs serving as metaphors)n nGive him an inch and he will make a mile.Give him an inch and he will make a mile.n n得寸进尺。得寸进尺。得寸进尺。得寸进尺。n nLook before you leap.Look before you leap.n n三思而后行。三思而后行。三思而后行。三思而后行。n nStrike the iron while it is hot.Strike the iron while it is ho

43、t.n n趁热打铁。趁热打铁。趁热打铁。趁热打铁。n nA bird in the hand is worth two in the bushA bird in the hand is worth two in the bushwood.wood.n n双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。第24页/共30页n nDo not put the cart before the horse.Do not put the cart before the horse.n n勿将本末倒置。勿将本末倒置。勿将本末倒置。勿将本末倒置。n nDo no

44、t wash your dirty linen in public.Do not wash your dirty linen in public.n n家丑不可外扬。家丑不可外扬。家丑不可外扬。家丑不可外扬。n nTomorrow is another(a new)day.Tomorrow is another(a new)day.n n重振旗鼓，东山再起。重振旗鼓，东山再起。重振旗鼓，东山再起。重振旗鼓，东山再起。n nA new broom sweeps clean.A new broom sweeps clean.n n新官上任三把火。新官上任三把火。新官上任三把火。新官上任三把火。n

45、nEvery dog has itsEvery dog has itshis day.his day.n n人人皆有得意时。人人皆有得意时。人人皆有得意时。人人皆有得意时。第25页/共30页Differences between simile and metaphorDifferences between simile and metaphorn nStructuren nElementn nFunction第26页/共30页n nA simile makes a clear comparison by means of words like,as,as if,asso,etc.n nA me

46、taphor makes a comparison which is implied rather than stated.As metaphor is closely related to simile,it is sometimes referred to as a condensed or implied simile.structure第27页/共30页n nA simile always contains the subject and the reference,which are connected by simile markers.It states literally th

47、at A is like B.n nA metaphor compare things implicitly.Read literally,it dose not state that things are alike;it says that they are the same thing.Sometimes there is only the subject and no reference in a metaphor.element第28页/共30页n nA good simile can draw sharper pictures in the mind than A good sim

48、ile can draw sharper pictures in the mind than could be done possiblycould be done possibly by any means.And it explains by any means.And it explains abstract or complicated idea or processes in simple,abstract or complicated idea or processes in simple,concrete imagery,so it is easy to understand.S

49、uch as:concrete imagery,so it is easy to understand.Such as:Her brown hair was like a birds smooth wings.Her brown hair was like a birds smooth wings.n n A metaphor tries to give deeper insight into persons,things,A metaphor tries to give deeper insight into persons,things,ideas,even problems;to thr

50、ow light onto what would ideas,even problems;to throw light onto what would otherwise be inconceivable to ordinary people.So its otherwise be inconceivable to ordinary people.So its relatively difficult to understand,but its more brief,relatively difficult to understand,but its more brief,accurate a