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1、Burn Cold Injury And Bite WacndBurn Cold Injury And Bite WacndBurn Cold Injury And Bite WacndBurn Cold Injury And Bite WacndTissue injury caused by heat is called burn(Tissue injury caused by heat is called burn(including scald)including scald)Burn in cammen at ordinary times or in war.Burn in camme
2、n at ordinary times or in war.At ordinary times,scald is the greater part of At ordinary times,scald is the greater part of burn.On the other hand,burn offer happens in burn.On the other hand,burn offer happens in war.According to degree of injury and war.According to degree of injury and difference
3、 difference of body reaction,burn can be classified into of body reaction,burn can be classified into three three stage in clinical process.At the same time,stage in clinical process.At the same time,the the three stage connects with each other and couldthree stage connects with each other and could
4、 第1页/共52页not be distinguished entirely.I shockstage.not be distinguished entirely.I shockstage.It is It is hypovolemic shock,infective stage.Thehypovolemic shock,infective stage.Theinfective incidence is the hignest in two infective incidence is the hignest in two weeks weeks post burn,repairation s
5、tage.Wound begin post burn,repairation stage.Wound begin to to repair soon after burn happed.In our country repair soon after burn happed.In our country the the treatment level of burn comes up to advanced treatment level of burn comes up to advanced world standards.Most Vnits cured many world stand
6、ards.Most Vnits cured many patients patients of exceeding SBA 90%.The total cure rate of exceeding SBA 90%.The total cure rate amount to over 95%,we maintain that patients amount to over 95%,we maintain that patients with large burn area and deep degree burn with large burn area and deep degree burn
7、 should be carried out remaval of eschar and should be carried out remaval of eschar and skin skin 第2页/共52页grafting in batches and by stages.The grafting in batches and by stages.The result was result was satisfied.satisfied.Key words:burn,cold injury,bite Key words:burn,cold injury,bite wound,wound
8、,scald,shock,repairation wound,eschar,scald,shock,repairation wound,eschar,skin skin grafting.grafting.第3页/共52页第一节 热烧伤 (Lesson One Burn)(Lesson One Burn)烧伤的临床过程及病理生理特点(一)体液渗出期(休克期)Acute humoral exadative stage(shock Acute humoral exadative stage(shock stage)stage)(二)急性感染期(Infectious stage)(Infectiou
9、s stage)(三)创面修复期(Repairation stage)(Repairation stage)(四)康复期第4页/共52页临床表现和诊断(一)烧伤面积和烧伤深度估计 1.1.面积的估计(Estimate of burn area)(Estimate of burn area)(1 1)中国新九分法(2 2)手掌法 2.2.深度的估计(Judgemet of burn depth)(Judgemet of burn depth)三度四分法(二)烧伤严重程度(Degree of burn)(Degree of burn)第5页/共52页新九分法部位部位占成人体表占成人体表%占儿童体表
10、占儿童体表%发部发部 头颈头颈 面部面部 颈部颈部33 939+(12_-年龄年龄)双上肢双上肢 双上臂双上臂 双前臂双前臂 双双 手手76 92592驱干驱干 躯干前躯干前 躯干后躯干后 回回 阴阴1313 93193双下肢双下肢 双双 臀臀 双大腿双大腿 双小腿双小腿 双双 足足 521 95+1137 95+1-(12年龄年龄)第6页/共52页三度四分法烧伤程度深度病理临床表现愈合过程一度(红版)表皮浅层,生发层健在,再生能力强局部血管扩张充血渗出轻度红肿热痛,感觉过敏,表皮干燥无水泡,红斑状37日痊愈,短期色素沉着,无瘢痕浅二度(水疱性)表皮生发层,真皮乳头层血浆渗出积于表皮和真皮之间
11、剧痛,感觉过敏,大小不一的水疱,水疱剥脱可见均匀发红、潮湿水肿明显12周,不留瘢痕,色素沉着,多数无瘢痕深二度真皮有附件残留局部组织坏死,皮下层渗出明显痛觉迟钝,可有或无水疱,基底红白相间34周,瘢痕愈合三度(焦痂)达真皮全层,有时深达皮下组织,肌肉和骨骼皮肤坏死,蛋白凝固,形成焦痂皮肤痛觉消失,无弹性,干燥无水疱,皮革样,蜡白,焦黄或炭化,局部温度低,数日后出现树枝状血管24周后焦痂脱去形成肉牙创面,小则斑痕愈合,大则需整形植皮手术第7页/共52页一度和浅二度烧伤第8页/共52页第9页/共52页深二度烧伤第10页/共52页三度烧伤(1 1)第11页/共52页第12页/共52页第13页/共52
12、页第14页/共52页三度烧伤(2 2)第15页/共52页现场急救 (Emergency treatment,(Emergency treatment,transportation and primary transportation and primary treatment.)treatment.)(一)灭火(二)灭火后的处理第16页/共52页烧伤的早期处理(一)轻度烧伤的早期处理 1.1.一般处理 2.2.创面初期处理 3.3.包扎疗法 4.4.显露疗法第17页/共52页(二)中、重度烧伤的早期处理 1.1.处理程序 2.2.烧伤休克的防治 补液治疗 补液公式:伤后第一个2424小时补液量
13、:成人每1%1%烧伤面积(、)0.5ml 0.5ml 胶体 1ml1ml电解质 另加水分2000ml 2000ml 第18页/共52页 液体的选择 延迟复苏病人的补液治疗 保持呼吸道通畅 镇静止痛 其他药物治疗第19页/共52页烧伤创面的处理(Management of wound)(Management of wound)(一)浅度创面的处理(二)深度烧伤创面的处理 1.1.切痂植皮 2.2.削痂植皮 3.3.蚕食脱痂(三)植皮术 1.1.大张中厚自体皮移植 2.2.小片或邮票状自体皮移植 3.3.点状植皮第20页/共52页烧伤后切痂(1 1)第21页/共52页烧伤后切痂(2)(2)深二、三
14、度烧伤创面,可用滚轴刀将坏死组织削除,不能保留坏死组织,否则会影响皮片或微粒皮成活,一般于伤后一周内手术。第22页/共52页第23页/共52页第24页/共52页第25页/共52页 4.4.自、异体(异种)皮相间混植 5.5.大张异体(异种)皮开洞嵌植点状自体皮 6.6.微粒皮移植 7.7.网状皮移植 8.8.培养表皮细胞膜片移植 9.9.人体“皮库”头皮(四)感染创面的处理第26页/共52页植皮(游离皮片移植1 1)供皮区的选择:特重烧伤,皮源极其有限,头皮是人体极其可贵的皮库,可反复取皮20余次,而不影响毛发生长。第27页/共52页植皮(游离皮片移植2)2)自体游离皮片的制作与移植:大面积深
15、度烧伤创面需尽早、尽快清除坏死组织,及时用自体皮、自体皮加异体皮覆盖,切削痂后的新鲜创面或经清创后的肉芽创面尽量不暴露为好。第28页/共52页植皮(游离皮片移植3)3)小皮片的制作:取头皮或自体皮之刃厚皮,真皮面朝上平铺于抗菌素湿沙上,剪成0.50.5cm2或1 1cm2小块后,真皮面向下移植于切痂后或清创后的创面上,保持平整紧贴,皮片间距不易超1cm2皮片融合时间过长,并发症多,然后依次覆盖抗菌素纱布,无菌干纱多层适当加压包扎。第29页/共52页植皮(游离皮片移植4)4)微粒皮制作与应用:取头皮或自体皮之刃厚皮剪成1mm 微粒,用漂浮法使其均匀分布在丝绸布上,由于电荷作用,微粒皮真皮会朝向丝
16、绸,再把粘有大量微粒的丝绸平放在异体皮的真皮面上,用干纱轻压,异体皮的真皮有较强的粘附力,微粒皮会均匀铺在异体真皮面上,将此大张异体皮放在切削痂肉芽创面上,缝合固定及微粒植皮第30页/共52页植皮(游离皮片移植5 5)异体皮的应用:异体皮放在切削痂后的新鲜创面或干净肉芽创面 可与自体小皮简植、混植或在异体皮上打洞嵌入自体小皮片,也可用微粒植皮法,异体皮移植时应松紧适度,太松皮下积液,太紧影响肢体循环。第31页/共52页植皮(带蒂皮瓣移植)移植的皮肤带有皮下组织,后者含血管网,取皮时保留一部分皮肤和皮下组织,与供皮区相连形成蒂部,可使皮瓣有足够的血液灌注,移植成活后,皮肤功能良好。第32页/共5
17、2页第33页/共52页第34页/共52页第35页/共52页第36页/共52页第37页/共52页第38页/共52页全身性感染的防治(General infection of burn)(General infection of burn)(一)全身性感染的诊断(Diagnosis)(Diagnosis)(二)全身性感染的处理原则 1.1.加强全身支持疗法 2.2.及时消除和杜绝感染源 3.3.合理应用抗生素 4.4.加强无菌隔离(三)常见内脏并发症的防治第39页/共52页第40页/共52页第41页/共52页第42页/共52页第43页/共52页第二节 电烧伤和化学烧伤(Lesson TWO Ele
18、ctric Burn and chemical(Lesson TWO Electric Burn and chemical Burn)Burn)电烧伤(Electric burn)(Electric burn)(一)临床表现(Manifestation)(Manifestation)1.1.全身性损伤 2.2.局部表现(二)处理(Treatment)(Treatment)1.1.急救 2.2.全身治疗 3.3.局部处理第44页/共52页第45页/共52页第46页/共52页第47页/共52页第48页/共52页化学性烧伤(Chemical burn)(Chemical burn)(一)一般处理原则
19、(二)常见化学烧伤的处理 1.1.酸烧伤(Acid burn)(Acid burn)2.2.硷烧伤(Alkali burn)(Alkali burn)3.3.磷烧伤(Phosphat burn)(Phosphat burn)第49页/共52页第三节 冷伤(Lesson three Cold Injury)(Lesson three Cold Injury)非冻结性冷伤(No frozen cold injury)(No frozen cold injury)(一)病理生理(Pathology)(Pathology)(二)临床表现(Manifestation)(Manifestation)(三)预防和治疗(Prevention and cicre)(Prevention and cicre)第50页/共52页 冻结性冷伤(Frozen cold injury)(Frozen cold injury)(一)病理生理(二)临床表现(三)治疗 1.1.急救和复温 2.2.局部冻伤的治疗 3.3.全身冻伤的治疗(四)预防第51页/共52页感谢您的观看!第52页/共52页
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